{"cards":[{"image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc11b19c72e.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":900,"height":602},"imageAltText":"A black rock","text":"Examine this rock. You don't need to know its name, just look closely at it. Think about how to describe it to a blind friend. Do you see FOSSILS in this rock? Type YES if you see fossil(s) and type NO if you don't see fossils.","answer":"no","tip":"

Fossils are the remains of living things, for example bones or shells or leaves - or fossils can be traces that life left behind, such as footprints preserved in wet sand which is subsequently lithified (turned into rock).<\/p>\n\n

Some of the 17th Century scientists argued that they COULD see fossils in the rock, while others argued that they could NOT. There are NO fossils in this image.<\/p>\n"},{"image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc15015ff92.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1024,"height":682},"text":"This is the same type of rock as before. Can you think of anything that makes those hexagonal shapes in nature? Type 2D if you are thinking of a two dimensional process (eg mudcracks) and type 3D if you are thinking of something 3D (ex columns).","tip":"

Look carefully at the image, examine each of the shapes and how they relate to one another.<\/p>\n","imageAltText":"Black rock arranged in hexagonal shapes.","answer":"3D"},{"image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc1644216f4.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":900,"height":602},"text":"Can you see any crystals in the black rock? Type YES or type NO.","tip":"

Some of the 17th Century scientists argued that they COULD see crystals, while others argued that they could not.<\/p>\n","imageAltText":"A black rock","answer":"NO"},{"image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc171de5396.jpeg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2048,"height":1536},"text":"Evidence that they didn't have available in the 1700s - In 1828 William NICOL invented the petrographic microscope (identifying rocks and minerals in thin sections). Here's your rock in thin section under a microscope. Type YES or NO for crystals.","answer":"YES","tip":"

Can you see different crystals of minerals in there, now that the rock has been magnified many times under the petrographic microscope? Yes! Those same crystals were in the rock before, but were too small to see with the naked eye.<\/p>\n","imageAltText":"The black rock under the petrographic microscope"},{"text":"Now you have seen the evidence that the "firemen" and the "watermen" saw regarding this black rock. Is this rock borne of heat or lain down in water? Type HEAT or type WATER.","answer":"HEAT","tip":"

Rocks borne of heat will have CRYSTALS and will NOT have fossils.<\/p>\n\n

Rocks lain down in the water might have fossils and will have grains (ex. grains of sand\/silt\/clay) instead of crystals.<\/p>\n","image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc1a6b9cb47.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1024,"height":768},"imageAltText":"lava"},{"image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc197d8e9dc.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":300,"height":168},"text":"Here is an image showing the origin of those hexagonal shapes. They are 3D columns! It turns out that this shape is an efficient way for the magma to cool down into rock. This is the Giant's Causeway in Ireland.","tip":"

Nothing to type in for this one<\/p>\n","imageAltText":"The Giants Causeway in Ireland, a geotourism destination"},{"text":"New rock! Can you see crystals in it? Type Yes or No.","answer":"Yes","image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc1b5dca7e0.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":650,"height":488},"tip":"","imageAltText":"close-up of pink rock"},{"image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc1b8cce1df.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":3143,"height":2195},"text":"Again, the petrographic microscope was NOT available in the 1700s, but here is your pink rock in thin section under the petrographic microscope. You can clearly see crystals of different minerals. Nothing to type.","tip":"","imageAltText":"pink rock under the petrographic microscope"},{"image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc1dbce125b.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1200,"height":797},"text":"Examine the pink (your pink rock again) features in this cliff face (outcrop). Really look at the relation of the pink rock(s) to one another and to the other rock. Do you think the pink rock was borne of heat or lain down by water? Type HEAT or WATER.","answer":"HEAT","tip":"

Consider how the pink rock is cutting across the other, pre-existing rock. Consider how the pink rock is interfingering. Would this be possible if water was depositing it? Or if it was being injected as a hot magma?<\/p>\n","imageAltText":"Intersecting dykes"},{"text":"New rock again! Examine this grey rock - can you see crystals? YES or NO.","answer":"No","image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc1f2d248e3.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":650,"height":488},"imageAltText":"Grey rock","tip":"

Look carefully at those pieces in it - are they crystals or are they bits of life? <\/p>\n"},{"image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc1f6eb2181.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":650,"height":488},"imageAltText":"Grey rock","text":"Can you see fossils in your grey rock? YES or NO","answer":"Yes","tip":""},{"text":"Petrographic microscopes were not available to the geologists of the 1700s, but here is your grey rock in thin section under a petrographic microscope (32 times magnification). Notice the fossils. Nothing to type.","image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc1fcb4d95b.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1500,"height":998},"tip":""},{"text":"Is it more likely that your rock with fossils was lain down in water or was borne of heat? Type WATER or HEAT.","image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc2055e25d1.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":275,"height":183},"imageAltText":"Buff coloured rock","tip":"

Consider what heat would DO to bones, shells, leaves, etc.<\/p>\n","answer":"Water"},{"text":"Are all rocks "borne from fire"? Or "lain down in water"? Or are there various processes that form rocks? Type FIRE or WATER or VARIOUS.","answer":"VARIOUS","tip":"

Consider all three rocks from today: the black one, the pink one, and the grey\/buff one<\/p>\n","image":{"path":"images\/image-5ecc210daeba1.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":480,"height":800},"imageAltText":"fire and water Earth"}],"progressText":"Card @card of @total","next":"Next","previous":"Previous","checkAnswerText":"Check","showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"defaultAnswerText":"Your answer","correctAnswerText":"Correct","incorrectAnswerText":"Incorrect","showSolutionText":"Correct answer","results":"Results","ofCorrect":"@score of @total correct","showResults":"Show results","answerShortText":"A:","retry":"Retry","caseSensitive":false,"cardAnnouncement":"Incorrect answer. Correct answer was @answer","pageAnnouncement":"Page @current of @total","description":"You are looking at the same evidence that geologists had in the 1700s and trying to come to conclusions about the processes that form rocks. Answer the questions that accompany the cards."}

Neptunists versus Plutonists:

Lisa Tutty