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Statistics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

In this course, you will learn how to organize and summarize data. Organizing and summarizing data is called descriptive statistics<\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

After you have studied probability and probability distributions, you will use formal methods for drawing conclusions from <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201cgood\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>data. The formal methods are called inferential statistics<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

The goal of statistics is not to perform numerous calculations using the formulas, but to gain an understanding of your data<\/strong>. Many of the calculations can be done using a calculator or a computer. The understanding must come from you. If you can thoroughly grasp the basics of statistics, you can be more confident in the decisions <\/strong>you make in life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d6cf77de-d9da-4a85-abc7-6df0ee3b6145","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":39.21568627450981,"y":88.17204301075269,"width":60.130718954248366,"height":10.75268817204301,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Open Stax - Illowsky, B and Dean, S (2020). Introductory Statistics <\/strong>Chapter 1 (Sampling and Data). Section 1.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"8784fda9-3fc6-4e51-99e4-9f95c691c743","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":6.5359477124183005,"y":55.91397849462365,"width":30.3751328912064,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4464ed3c862.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":3504,"height":2336},"alt":"Decorative image of parrots","decorative":false},"subContentId":"3f6bd65f-d731-4e78-8881-93599955d4a8","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":71.16564417177914,"y":77.4818401937046,"width":28.220858895705522,"height":5.811138014527845,"action":{"library":"H5P.Audio 1.5","params":{"fitToWrapper":true,"playerMode":"full","controls":true,"autoplay":true,"playAudio":"Play audio","pauseAudio":"Pause audio","contentName":"Audio","audioNotSupported":"Your browser does not support this audio","files":[{"path":"audios\/files-5f4531d46b949.m4a","mime":"audio\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"06112fca-3a2b-4c74-9593-d65645a88003","metadata":{"contentType":"Audio","license":"U","title":"StatsIntro"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}]},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":42.48366013071895,"height":56.12903225806451,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"Sleeping kitten","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f43f2c05ba00.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1300,"height":869},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"7a21c6d4-e2ce-4a7d-98f0-f9d17541cf63","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/www.123rf.com\/photo_103154336_cute-baby-kitten-sleeping-with-toy-bear-.html"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":68.62745098039215,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":29.411764705882355,"height":90.32258064516128,"action":{"library":"H5P.Table 1.1","params":{"text":"

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Jim<\/td>\n\t\t\t

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Sophmore (YR2)<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	3<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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Stem and leaf plot<\/span><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"06387be7-6449-440a-88a2-166dc9f17158"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":71.16564417177914,"y":82.32445520581113,"width":24.29447852760736,"height":5.811138014527845,"action":{"library":"H5P.Audio 1.5","params":{"fitToWrapper":true,"playerMode":"full","controls":true,"autoplay":true,"playAudio":"Play audio","pauseAudio":"Pause audio","contentName":"Audio","audioNotSupported":"Your browser does not support this audio","files":[{"path":"audios\/files-5f4536648b691.m4a","mime":"audio\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"459cd661-2a4c-4ab9-b27d-be4df0b767fd","metadata":{"contentType":"Audio","license":"U","title":"StemLeaf"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":84.66257668711656,"y":2.4213075060532687,"width":14.723926380368097,"height":6.5375302663438255,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.1, 2.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"748ba3c1-c981-48bc-b46d-0996c163b604"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":3.2679738562091503,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":93.68191721132898,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Johnson, R. and Kuby, P. (2012) STAT2<\/strong> Chapter 2 - Descriptive Analysis and Presentation of Single-Variable Data.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"e0511327-bde5-43f5-9dbd-9b152d3e08c9","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":77.34204793028323,"height":86.02150537634408,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f44665f2d9d5.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":800,"height":450},"alt":"Stem and leaf plot","title":"Stem and leaf plot","decorative":false},"subContentId":"85d5cbda-3789-4cb5-bd7d-9f7145442ccc","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":85.2760736196319,"y":2.4213075060532687,"width":14.723926380368097,"height":6.5375302663438255,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.1, 2.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"6f1a5e5c-d000-4f80-ad27-cf8a7ca4bc59"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":3.680981595092024,"y":70.2179176755448,"width":49.079754601226995,"height":9.685230024213075,"action":{"library":"H5P.Link 1.3","params":{"linkWidget":{"protocol":"https:\/\/","url":"www.learner.org\/series\/against-all-odds-inside-statistics\/stemplots-2\/?jwsource=cl"},"title":"Please go and watch this video about stem plots"},"subContentId":"eb5977e2-e2e3-4896-89f4-25794b54118c","metadata":{"contentType":"Link","license":"U"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1404580645161286,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":55.91397849462365,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Probability<\/strong> is a mathematical tool used to study randomness<\/em><\/strong>. It deals with the chance (the likelihood<\/em>) of an event <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>occurring<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

For example, if you <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>toss <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>a fair coin four <\/em>times, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>the outcomes <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>may not be two <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>heads <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>and two tails. However, if you <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>toss <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>the same coin 4,000 <\/em>times, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>outcomes will be close to half heads and half tails.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"f3dce69d-de64-41cb-b328-26729bbbb1dc","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":62.091503267973856,"y":50.83333333333333,"width":35.83877995642702,"height":47.31182795698924,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f44008d75b40.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":612,"height":408},"alt":"coin toss","title":"coin toss","decorative":false},"subContentId":"d064fcf5-448d-4487-ab3c-37bd5eb467ce","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/photos\/coin-flip?mediatype=photography&phrase=coin%20flip&sort=mostpopular"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":55.846881720430105,"width":58.82352941176471,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

The theory of probability began with the study of games of chance such as poker. Predictions take the form of probabilities. To predict the likelihood of an earthquake, of rain, or whether you will get an A in this course, we use probabilities. Doctors use probability to determine the chance of a vaccination causing the disease the vaccination is supposed to prevent.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"8e9927ff-e502-4226-b73e-a8e299cc209b","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.7995642701525,"y":43.01075268817204,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"6a884c29-fb62-458f-a1ce-64c1e870e18b"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":90.32258064516128,"width":62.309368191721134,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.Link 1.3","params":{"linkWidget":{"protocol":"http:\/\/","url":"www.shodor.org\/interactivate\/activities\/Coin\/"},"title":"Go here to do some virtual coin tosses"},"subContentId":"940ff19a-abe2-4a6f-b7fc-8655ec895e8a","metadata":{"contentType":"Link","license":"U"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"slideBackgroundSelector":{},"elements":[{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":40.631808278867105,"height":45.16129032258064,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f44017050b8b.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720},"alt":"LU","title":"LU","decorative":false},"subContentId":"afc21b9e-fe2b-4792-8708-d83f71457198","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"http:\/\/www.lakeheadu.ca"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":57.73420479302832,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":41.28540305010893,"height":56.34408602150537,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"LU Orillia","title":"LU Orillia","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4401bea9aab.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":766,"height":530},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"5faece83-720b-4298-8a0f-47f0d80bbb83","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"http:\/\/www.lakeheadu.ca"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":60.21505376344086,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":8.602150537634408,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Lakehead University has approximately <\/em>10,000 students between its two campuses<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"a7387a70-9a32-4b89-875e-8c025d392e09","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":79.47591397849462,"width":95.86056644880175,"height":17.204301075268816,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Population<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

In statistics, we generally want to study a population. You can think of a population as a collection of persons, things, or objects under study.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"ce2b043e-3498-4b07-bb17-a6c8db9ae185","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":93.54838709677419,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"eb5bf9b6-1bd4-4680-b066-c1c96719f44b"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}]},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":0,"width":96.94989106753813,"height":73.11827956989247,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

EXAMPLE: We want to know the average (mean) amount of money first year university students spend at Lakehead University on school supplies that do not include books. We randomly survey 100 first year students at the university. Three of those students spent $150, $200, and $225, respectively. <\/span>Determine the population <\/strong>in this example. Choose from: A for \"all LU students\", B for \"all first year LU students who spent $150 to $225\", and C for\"all first year students attending LU this term\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Sample - <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>To study the population, we select a sample<\/strong>. The idea of sampling is to select a portion (or subset<\/strong>) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Determine a possible sample <\/strong>for the example given above. Choose from A for\"all LU students\", B for \"all first year LU students\", and C for\"all first year LU students enrolled in one section of a beginning statistics course\".<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"8de8840a-8e1c-431d-b1ff-0165c66f639d","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":47.31182795698924,"width":43.57298474945534,"height":46.666666666666664,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Parameter <\/strong>- <\/span>A parameter is a number that is a property <\/strong>of the population. Because it takes a lot of time and money to examine an entire <\/em>population, sampling is a very practical technique. Determine the parameter <\/strong>of interest in the above given example. Choose from A for \"$150\", B for \"$150-$225\", C for \"tuition\", and D for \"the average (mean) amount of money spent (excluding books) by first year students at LU this term\".<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"4ca8e007-85ec-401b-83d5-c9421df1edff","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":93.54838709677419,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"dbcfc943-94bc-48ae-bb80-7be3ac044df4"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":45.751633986928105,"y":47.251397849462364,"width":53.15904139433551,"height":51.61290322580645,"action":{"library":"H5P.Blanks 1.14","params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"text":"

Type in your answer from the suggestions that I provided<\/p>\n","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"showSolutions":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","checkAnswer":"Check","notFilledOut":"Please fill in all blanks to view solution","answerIsCorrect":"':ans' is correct","answerIsWrong":"':ans' is wrong","answeredCorrectly":"Answered correctly","answeredIncorrectly":"Answered incorrectly","solutionLabel":"Correct answer:","inputLabel":"Blank input @num of @total","inputHasTipLabel":"Tip available","tipLabel":"Tip","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"autoCheck":false,"caseSensitive":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"separateLines":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"acceptSpellingErrors":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"questions":["

The population is *C*.<\/p>\n","

The sample is *C*<\/p>\n","

The parameter is *D*<\/p>\n"],"a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode","submitAnswer":"Submit"},"subContentId":"1f1ce7c8-f473-4691-9cc8-8bc583492968","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Untitled Fill in the Blanks"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"slideBackgroundSelector":{},"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":1.4986559139784945,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":45.16129032258064,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Statistic <\/strong>- <\/span>A statistic is a number that represents a property<\/em><\/strong> of the sample. For example, if we consider one math class to be a sample of the population of all math classes, then the average number of points earned by students in that one math class at the end of the term is an example of a statistic. Determine the statistic <\/strong>in our example on the previous slide (about LU students). Choose from A for \"$191.67\", B for \"$150 to $225\", and C for \"<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>the average (mean) amount of money spent (excluding books) by first year college students in the sample\".<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n

Variables <\/strong>- <\/span>A variable, notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic of interest for each person or thing in a population. Determine the variable <\/strong>in our example on the previous slide (about LU students). Choose from A for \"X = tuition\", B for \"X = books\", and C for \"X = <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>the amount of money spent (excluding books) by one first year student attending LU\".<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"2dae36e1-916b-49df-b459-46f4bd301fd3","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":60.21505376344086,"width":32.661433216350964,"height":36.12903225806451,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4406b389f67.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":300,"height":168},"alt":"LU residence","title":"LU residence","decorative":false},"subContentId":"8c4545fa-8eaf-49da-a64e-addcddbce401","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"http:\/\/www.lakeheadu.ca"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.7995642701525,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"249162ba-9238-4bf0-ba4b-d5d095452797"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":35.947712418300654,"y":45.134408602150536,"width":63.18082788671024,"height":48.387096774193544,"action":{"library":"H5P.Blanks 1.14","params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"text":"

Choose from the words and phrases that I have suggested on the slide<\/p>\n","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"showSolutions":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","checkAnswer":"Check","notFilledOut":"Please fill in all blanks to view solution","answerIsCorrect":"':ans' is correct","answerIsWrong":"':ans' is wrong","answeredCorrectly":"Answered correctly","answeredIncorrectly":"Answered incorrectly","solutionLabel":"Correct answer:","inputLabel":"Blank input @num of @total","inputHasTipLabel":"Tip available","tipLabel":"Tip","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"autoCheck":false,"caseSensitive":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"separateLines":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"acceptSpellingErrors":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"questions":["

The statistic is *C*.<\/p>\n","

The variable is *C*.<\/p>\n"],"a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode","submitAnswer":"Submit"},"subContentId":"c1f4e82e-3355-4d34-b958-3bfc46454c24","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Untitled Fill in the Blanks"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}]},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.133737634408602,"width":96.94989106753813,"height":55.91397849462365,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Variables <\/strong>may be <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>numerical<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/em>or <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>categorical<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

Numerical variables<\/strong> take on values with equal units such as weight (in kilograms) and time (in hours). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

Categorical variables<\/strong> place the person or thing into a category. If we let X equal the number of points earned by one math student at the end of a term, then X is a numerical variable. If we let Y be a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>person\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>party affiliation, then some examples of Y include NDP, Liberal, Green, and Conservative. Y is a categorical variable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

Data <\/strong>- <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Data are the actual values <\/em>of the variable. They may be <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>numbers<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> or they may be words. Datum is a single value. Determine the data <\/strong>in the previous example (about LU students).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

The data <\/strong>are the dollar amounts spent by the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>first year<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> students. Examples of the data are $150, $200, and $225.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"f18be8d5-c27a-4854-91a7-fcfd4ebef55d","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":55.33769063180828,"y":57.634408602150536,"width":39.97821350762527,"height":36.98924731182795,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f441abddea24.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":640,"height":300},"alt":"Student budgeting","title":"Student budgeting","decorative":false},"subContentId":"c6fb2fbf-074d-4898-9789-827b33ead573","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/studentloanhero.com\/calculators\/student-loan-payment-calculator\/"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":55.91397849462365,"width":48.680195022531855,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f441b7e7656c.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1339,"height":557},"alt":"Student expenses","title":"Student expenses","decorative":false},"subContentId":"4f6ab6ca-e0c7-4779-81e4-7aca8dcfa8a5","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/www.kstatecollegian.com\/2017\/10\/20\/student-expenses-outpace-consumer-national-average-at-k-state\/"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":94.56645161290322,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":5.161290322580645,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"a3ba7ebd-7ab9-492c-b2b4-626c94cd7b6c"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0.5446623093681917,"y":93.54838709677419,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"298a9b73-8e6f-4c43-a8ff-5ce1b6ffab11"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.133737634408602,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":64.51612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Data Types<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Data may come from a population <\/em>or from a sample<\/em>. Small letters like x or y generally are used to represent data values. Most data can be put into the following categories:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Qualitative <\/strong>- Qualitative data are the result of categorizing or describing attributes of a population<\/em>. Hair color, blood type, ethnic group, the car a person drives, and the street a person lives on are examples of qualitative data. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Qualitative <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>data are generally described by words or letters.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Quantitative <\/strong>- Quantitative data are always numbers. Quantitative data are the result of counting or measuring attributes of a population.<\/em> Amount of money, pulse rate, weight, number of people living in your town, and number of students who take statistics are examples of quantitative data. Quantitative data may be either discrete <\/strong>or continuous<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"37384e3b-5e7c-4c8c-be8f-74806483c924","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":72.98474945533769,"y":64.51612903225806,"width":25.925925925925927,"height":34.40860215053763,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"Firefighters in Cumberland County, NS, Canada","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f441e328e362.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":800,"height":535},"title":"Firefighters in Cumberland County, NS, Canada","decorative":false},"subContentId":"eecbf6e0-1e9d-44e0-aed3-0f789f533a03","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/www.saltwire.com\/news\/being-a-female-firefighter-in-cumberland-county-153544\/?location=nova-scotia"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":4.9079754601226995,"y":67.79661016949153,"width":67.53812636165577,"height":30.10752688172043,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

All data that are the result of counting <\/strong>are called quantitative discrete<\/strong> data. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>These data take on only certain <\/em>numerical values. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

All data that are the result of measuring <\/strong>are quantitative continuous<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>data assuming that we can measure accurately<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"913caa09-d9e4-4589-aa81-aa4254bd35f4","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":4.290989247311828,"width":95.86056644880175,"height":70.96774193548387,"action":{"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

The height of the firefighters<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
The weight of the firefighters<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
The weight that the firefighters can benchpress at the gym<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
The number of calls that the firefighters have attended to this week<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
The colour of uniform that the firefighters wear<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","submitAnswerButton":"Submit"},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Which of these statements about the firefighters is\/are an example of qualitative data?<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"68ded823-53ae-432e-a425-30bb783ffaab","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Untitled Multiple Choice"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":65.359477124183,"y":59.99999999999999,"width":33.70343464975842,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f44213f9048c.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":481,"height":289},"alt":"LU full time v part time","title":"LU full time v part time","decorative":false},"subContentId":"10d04240-1fc5-4057-98ae-5206d29c0dcd","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":93.54838709677419,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"920f159f-a3a9-4c01-bd38-22f0da0f1398"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":62.36559139784946,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Displaying Data<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n
Tables <\/strong>are a good way of organizing and displaying data. But graphs <\/strong>can be even more helpful in understanding the data. There are no strict rules concerning which graphs to use. Two graphs that are used to display qualitative <\/em><\/strong>data are pie charts<\/strong> and bar graphs<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"5530a5d3-5ec1-4c52-a518-ebb443cc5bd0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":58.064516129032256,"width":33.70343464975842,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f441f863b1b3.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":481,"height":289},"alt":"Bar graph","title":"Bar graph","decorative":false},"subContentId":"955e138b-9dd0-4c02-8c28-eaa44b2cd123","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":65.359477124183,"y":19.354838709677416,"width":33.70343464975842,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f442125a7cec.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":481,"height":289},"alt":"Our class full time v part time","title":"Our class full time v part time","decorative":false},"subContentId":"5e8afabe-408a-4876-92f2-92d1a0b49793","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":49.46236559139785,"width":11.982570806100219,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
sample 80%-20%<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"6c116dcc-d8f9-4fe6-a105-8a723a226357","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":66.44880174291939,"y":90.32258064516128,"width":14.161220043572985,"height":6.236559139784946,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
population 81%-19%<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"895b2398-ccb9-40a3-b929-75008bb54a91","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":39.21568627450981,"y":49.46236559139785,"width":26.143790849673202,"height":32.25806451612903,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Pie Chart <\/strong>- <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>In a pie chart, categories of data are represented by wedges in a circle and are proportional in size to the percent of individuals in each category.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"7d7877c7-b167-4371-9a04-f65f3038a0a3","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":30.10752688172043,"width":40,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
A bar graph<\/strong> is appropriate to compare the relative <\/em><\/strong>size of the categories. Note: A pie chart could not <\/em>be used if the percentages totalled more than 100 (people could be in more than one category) or less than 100 (categories didn't represent everyone).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"3daeaf36-cb22-4f49-9131-aeea8d3e825d","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":36.809815950920246,"y":84.74576271186442,"width":24.29447852760736,"height":5.811138014527845,"action":{"library":"H5P.Audio 1.5","params":{"fitToWrapper":true,"playerMode":"full","controls":true,"autoplay":true,"playAudio":"Play audio","pauseAudio":"Pause audio","contentName":"Audio","audioNotSupported":"Your browser does not support this audio","files":[{"path":"audios\/files-5f45382f03e87.m4a","mime":"audio\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"8b78a308-a397-4f5c-ad83-20a9db9d5a05","metadata":{"contentType":"Audio","license":"U","title":"BarPie100"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":93.54838709677419,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"687f975e-6764-46db-bfc5-ab860054ec5a"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":4.29436559139785,"width":42.48366013071895,"height":71.18279569892472,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4423bbcf847.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":415,"height":353},"alt":"Ethnicity - organized alphabetically","title":"Ethnicity - organized alphabetically","decorative":false},"subContentId":"ad096aff-893f-4217-86bc-4c31bd693e07","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":44.66230936819172,"y":4.29436559139785,"width":43.89978213507625,"height":70.96774193548387,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4423d6a2cc3.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":387,"height":317},"alt":"Ethnicity - organized by size of category","title":"Ethnicity - organized by size of category","decorative":false},"subContentId":"4a14f462-e3ef-4e9f-ac97-4bca31d32b89","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":77.37225806451613,"width":86.05664488017429,"height":22.36559139784946,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
The following pie charts (from your textbook) have the \u201cOther\/Unknown\u201d category included (since the percentages must add to 100%). Chart b is organized by the size of each wedge, which makes it a more visually informative<\/em> graph than the unsorted<\/em>, alphabetical graph a.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"00e56851-7415-4fe4-94b1-d0cb1662c713","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":25.766871165644172,"y":92.00968523002422,"width":23.067484662576685,"height":5.811138014527845,"action":{"library":"H5P.Audio 1.5","params":{"fitToWrapper":true,"playerMode":"full","controls":true,"autoplay":true,"playAudio":"Play audio","pauseAudio":"Pause audio","contentName":"Audio","audioNotSupported":"Your browser does not support this audio","files":[{"path":"audios\/files-5f4538be2d4ad.m4a","mime":"audio\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"f5ef236a-30ed-4813-b38a-3dc3987564e3","metadata":{"contentType":"Audio","license":"U","title":"EthnicityPie"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
The <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>particular bar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> graph below (left) can be difficult to understand visually because it is disordered. The other graph (right) is a called a Pareto chart <\/strong>in your textbook...but most correctly it isn't <\/em>actually a Pareto chart because a Pareto chart would also have a line on it representing the cumulative relative frequency. The \"Pareto chart\" has the bars sorted from largest to smallest and is easier to read and interpret. These two are from your textbook.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"c505aefa-7a81-4c79-8570-2edfdb157da7","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":53.63247311827956,"width":43.57298474945534,"height":42.36559139784946,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"Bar chart with ethnicity unsorted","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f44248b47a56.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":471,"height":231},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"9708d49a-4409-4525-b5ab-9e8f3a441226","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":42.48366013071895,"y":21.50537634408602,"width":56.75381263616558,"height":55.05376344086021,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4424a2ef394.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":508,"height":249},"alt":"Pareto chart with ethnicity sorted","title":"Pareto chart with ethnicity sorted","decorative":false},"subContentId":"1aaa2728-d828-45fc-aea9-10c7a21ca773","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"226b349e-4405-490c-9dd5-34b65be4bcb2"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":8.588957055214724,"y":33.898305084745765,"width":25.521472392638035,"height":5.811138014527845,"action":{"library":"H5P.Audio 1.5","params":{"fitToWrapper":true,"playerMode":"full","controls":true,"autoplay":true,"playAudio":"Play audio","pauseAudio":"Pause audio","contentName":"Audio","audioNotSupported":"Your browser does not support this audio","files":[{"path":"audios\/files-5f4539cf7f3fd.m4a","mime":"audio\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"9abc1364-64b8-4fdc-817c-0de2280879e5","metadata":{"contentType":"Audio","license":"U","title":"BarPareto"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":93.54838709677419,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"2013fe23-28bc-4131-936a-adb2e868f258"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.133737634408602,"width":96.94989106753813,"height":58.064516129032256,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Sampling - <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>Gathering information about an entire population<\/em> often costs too much or is virtually impossible. Instead, we use a sample <\/strong>of the population. A sample should have the same characteristics <\/em>as the population it is representing. Most statisticians use various methods of random sampling<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>in an attempt to<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> achieve this goal.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
1. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Simple Random Sampling<\/span> <\/strong>- a straightforward method for selecting a random sample; give each member of the population a number. Use a random number generator to select a set of labels. These randomly selected labels identify the members of your sample.<\/p>\n\n
For example, suppose Harriet wants to form a four-person study group from her pre-calculus class, which has 31 members. To choose a simple random sample<\/em> of size three from the other members of her class, Harriet could put all 30 names in a hat, shake the hat, close her eyes, and pick out three names. A more technological way is for Harriet to first list the last names of the members of her class together with a two-digit number, as in Table below, and use Ti-84:<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"659a1663-0d40-4b3c-9341-002274b6dcbe","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":14.161220043572985,"y":58.064516129032256,"width":32.9063939654736,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f443d11afa37.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":780,"height":480},"alt":"Classlist","title":"Classlist","decorative":false},"subContentId":"f924223b-3ef5-4e9a-8ff9-b472e107343a","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":55.55555555555556,"y":58.064516129032256,"width":37.01629097853109,"height":34.19354838709677,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f443d2cba45d.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":340,"height":159},"alt":"What to type in on your calculator to get 3 random numbers from a list of 31 classmates","title":"What to type in on your calculator to get 3 random numbers from a list of 31 classmates","decorative":false},"subContentId":"26bf69aa-f749-434b-a0a0-1411a4cc2825","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":64.27015250544663,"height":95.05376344086021,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"Random numbers table","title":"Random numbers table","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f443df05b6ba.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":600,"height":450},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"7581fa6d-cdd9-42fa-85d6-c22915ac00d9","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"3923c8c6-8717-4792-a340-f45cd2869b72"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.133737634408602,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":79.56989247311827,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Sampling - 2. Stratified Sample<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a proportionate number from each stratum. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
For example, you could stratify (group) your university population by department and then choose a proportionate simple random sample from each stratum (each department) to get a stratified random sample. Suppose there are 5 departments, and you want to choose a sample of 50. You choose 10 from each department using SRS sampling.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n
Sampling - 3. Cluster Sample<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d254058a-9353-48a1-8213-84e966bb45c9","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":57.734204793028326,"y":58.064516129032256,"width":41.158716654751224,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f443f2863650.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":500,"height":246},"alt":"Strat v cluster","title":"Strat v cluster","decorative":false},"subContentId":"70711b2d-bc26-41d1-bc37-1fe4de69fdc6","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/keydifferences.com\/difference-between-stratified-and-cluster-sampling.html"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":3.2679738562091503,"y":59.99999999999999,"width":52.287581699346404,"height":34.40860215053763,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
For <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>example, if you randomly sample four departments from your university population, the four departments make up the cluster sample. Divide your university faculty by department. The departments are the clusters. Number each department, and then choose four different numbers using simple random sampling. All members of the four departments with those numbers are the cluster sample.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d7bbeb0b-b2ac-4bf1-9412-b73c5cbc947e","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":93.54838709677419,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"e0705dce-ba22-4a70-9dfb-5db551cf7b22"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":66.66666666666666,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Sampling - 4. Systematic Sample<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n
To choose a systematic sample, randomly select a starting point and take every nth<\/em> piece of data from a listing of the population. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
For example, suppose you <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>have to<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> do a phone survey. Your phone book contains 20,000 residence listings. You must choose 400 names for the sample. Number the population 1\u201320,000 and then use a simple random sample to pick a number that represents the first name in the sample. Then choose every fiftieth name thereafter until you have a total of 400 names (you might have to go back to the beginning of your phone list). Systematic sampling is frequently chosen because it is a simple method.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n
Sampling - 5. Convenience Sampling<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n
A type of sampling that is non<\/strong>-random is convenience sampling. Convenience sampling involves using results that are readily available. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"33b26166-4549-497d-b5bc-89908339ac5b","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":51.19825708061002,"y":64.3010752688172,"width":23.09368191721133,"height":35.69892473118279,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4441906158f.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1000,"height":780},"alt":"Systematic sampling","title":"Systematic sampling","decorative":false},"subContentId":"82949abd-4334-42b1-9dc7-4e37c821d187","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":74.83660130718954,"y":64.73118279569891,"width":24.945533769063182,"height":33.54838709677419,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4441b542384.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1600,"height":1089},"alt":"Convenience sampling","title":"Convenience sampling","decorative":false},"subContentId":"cc956cee-e7fd-467b-90a4-c64b8749f896","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":68.73655913978494,"width":50.10893246187364,"height":27.956989247311824,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
For example, a computer software store conducts a marketing study by interviewing potential customers who happen to be in the store browsing through the available software. The results of convenience sampling may be very good in some cases and highly biased (favour certain outcomes) in others.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"a42321aa-b1da-4087-87ed-7599153ef3d3","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":31.59041394335512,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"f753d24c-3292-4ec9-9c21-0fcce15da7d8"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1370967741935485,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":58.064516129032256,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Sampling - With Replacement Or Without Replacement<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n
True random sampling is done with <\/strong><\/em>replacement. That is, once a member is picked, that member goes back into the population and thus may be chosen more than once. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
However <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>for practical reasons, in most populations, simple random sampling is done without <\/em><\/strong>replacement. Surveys are typically done without replacement. That is, a member of the population may be chosen only once. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Most <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>samples are taken from large populations and the sample tends to be small in comparison to the population. Since this is the case, sampling without replacement is approximately the same as sampling with replacement because the chance of picking the same individual more than once with replacement is very low.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"f6390ec6-5c08-45e3-9277-ca2fcdbb4bca","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":58.064516129032256,"width":44.01547374129175,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"Sampling with or without replacement","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f44429e012ca.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1778,"height":818},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"8d806679-ac1f-4b86-807d-bc5e117f59fe","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/www.sophia.org\/tutorials\/sampling-with-or-without-replacement-2"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":57.734204793028326,"y":81.72043010752688,"width":39.97821350762527,"height":15.053763440860214,"action":{"library":"H5P.Link 1.3","params":{"linkWidget":{"protocol":"https:\/\/","url":"www.sophia.org\/tutorials\/sampling-with-or-without-replacement-2"},"title":"Please go and try this brief exercise that demonstrates sampling with and without replacement"},"subContentId":"b03335fd-ccb7-4388-9793-12d4f6155e55","metadata":{"contentType":"Link","license":"U"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":85.88957055214723,"y":67.79661016949153,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"ab888918-7d1a-4792-a0b7-acc60d2151e7"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":65.359477124183,"height":96.77419354838709,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"Critical Evaluation","title":"Critical Evaluation","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f444372e9dfe.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":600,"height":450},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"a01a76d0-503d-4a9a-9f37-942994f428d9","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
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Fill in the missing words with the most correct types of sampling from this list: cluster, convenience, simple random, stratified, systematic. Scroll down and hit CHECK to check your work.<\/p>\n","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"showSolutions":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","checkAnswer":"Check","notFilledOut":"Please fill in all blanks to view solution","answerIsCorrect":"':ans' is correct","answerIsWrong":"':ans' is wrong","answeredCorrectly":"Answered correctly","answeredIncorrectly":"Answered incorrectly","solutionLabel":"Correct answer:","inputLabel":"Blank input @num of @total","inputHasTipLabel":"Tip available","tipLabel":"Tip","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"autoCheck":false,"caseSensitive":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"separateLines":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"acceptSpellingErrors":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"questions":["
A sample of 100 undergraduate LU students is taken by organizing the students' names by classification (freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior) and then selecting 25 students from each. This is *stratified* sampling.<\/p>\n","
An administrative assistant is asked to stand in front of the library one Wednesday and to ask the first 100 undergraduate students he encounters what they paid for tuition for the Fall semester. Those 100 students are the sample. This is *convenience* sampling.<\/p>\n","
A random number generator is used to select a student from the alphabetical listing of all undergradutate students in the Fall semester. Starting with that student, every 50th student is chosen until 75 students are included in the sample. This is *systematic* sampling.<\/p>\n","
The freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years are numbered one, two, three, and four, respectively. A random number generator is used to pick two of those years. All students in those two years are in the sample. This is *cluster* sampling.<\/p>\n","
A completely random method is used to select 75 students. Each undergraduate student in the fall semester has the same probability of being chosen at any stage of the sampling process. This is *simple random* sampling.<\/p>\n"],"a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode","submitAnswer":"Submit"},"subContentId":"7dcbb945-159e-4e40-9597-f137b0dc5b0f","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Untitled Fill in the Blanks"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
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Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"d1358079-3083-4ce5-bab5-572b81322383"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":55.20581113801453,"width":68.90071637839348,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4452b3019b8.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":820,"height":241},"alt":"Results of rolling 20 dice, the second time","title":"Results of rolling 20 dice, the second time","decorative":false},"subContentId":"41b3e68e-d32a-44e7-b7e1-334ca462021b","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":62.091503267973856,"height":12.903225806451612,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
I went to Random.org and rolled 20 dice, two times. Here are my results:<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"c6fe230d-8985-4577-b80e-9c5b07b4b235","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":11.39784946236559,"width":59.912854030501094,"height":33.97849462365591,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f445148d5873.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":830,"height":238},"alt":"20 rolls of the dice","title":"20 rolls of the dice","decorative":false},"subContentId":"930ad1e9-5f3b-4439-8eea-b8ce9548f4f3","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":49.891067538126364,"y":31.39784946236559,"width":50.10893246187364,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Table 1.1","params":{"text":"

Full time students<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	8<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
Part time students<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	2<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t	<\/th>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t

\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n"},"subContentId":"12479026-07f3-4428-a43d-6bd227324dd9","metadata":{"contentType":"Table","license":"U","title":"Rolls of the dice"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":59.912854030501094,"y":17.204301075268816,"width":39.97821350762527,"height":12.903225806451612,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

This means that I rolled a \"1\" four times in the first trial, and two times in the second trial.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"f74658cc-e94d-474e-89a3-85d4a75bada7","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":24.539877300613497,"y":77.4818401937046,"width":74.83660130718954,"height":22.36559139784946,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Did the two experiments (sets of 20 die rolls) have the same results? No. If you did the experiment a third time, do you expect the results to be identical to the first or second experiment? Why or why not? <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Which experiment had the correct results? They both did. The job of the statistician is to see through the variability and draw appropriate conclusions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"58065f3c-c6b2-4e2a-9eee-5b67d1b82fbb","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.2.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"9deb806f-c8c0-4c8a-ac21-ffec5b86779c"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":86.87116564417178,"y":29.055690072639226,"width":0.36809815950920244,"height":16.949152542372882,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"line":{"borderWidth":"2","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"rgb(248, 9, 9)"},"type":"vertical-line","shape":{"fillColor":"#ffffff","borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderRadius":"0"}},"subContentId":"ae1d7f13-696d-4886-a5e1-e28bf3a9db6d","metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"}},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false},{"x":67.48466257668711,"y":29.055690072639226,"width":0.36809815950920244,"height":16.949152542372882,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"line":{"borderWidth":"2","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"rgb(248, 9, 9)"},"type":"vertical-line","shape":{"fillColor":"#ffffff","borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderRadius":"0"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"},"subContentId":"135500e9-e54b-44c5-b614-9a84e4c12bdc"},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.3.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"f1b5f15e-ba9f-4110-b6e8-79c828a125de"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1404580645161286,"width":96.94989106753813,"height":86.02150537634408,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n\n

Answers and rounding off in this course<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

A simple way to round off answers is to carry your final answer one more decimal place than was present in the original data. Round off only the final answer. Do not round off any intermediate results, if possible. If it becomes necessary to round off intermediate results, carry them to at least twice as many decimal places as the final answer. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

For <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>example, the average <\/strong>of the three quiz scores 4, 6, and 9 is 6.3, rounded off to the nearest tenth, because the data are whole numbers. Most answers will be rounded off in this manner. (4+6+9 = 19; and 19\/3 = 6.3333333....)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

It <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>is not necessary to reduce most fractions in this course. Especially in Probability Topics, the chapter on probability, it is more helpful to leave an answer as an unreduced fraction.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"02689126-e65a-4e8e-9603-bf9d8ec7d3aa","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1236559139784945,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":60.21505376344086,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Levels of Measurement<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. Not every statistical operation can be used with every set of data. Data can be classified into four levels of measurement. They are (from lowest <\/em>to highest <\/em>level):<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n\n

\u2022<\/span><\/span>Nominal <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>scale level<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2022<\/span><\/span>Ordinal <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>scale level<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2022<\/span><\/span>Interval <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>scale level<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2022<\/span><\/span>Ratio <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>scale level<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d845eed6-cd48-4107-ac7d-0b2e76e4430e","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":14.967973856209152,"y":42.983870967741936,"width":83.87799564270152,"height":54.40860215053763,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"Scales of measurement","title":"Scales of measurement","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f44593cd6c40.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":557,"height":183},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"2bc930fe-caa1-4285-97a0-26250a37a945","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":2.1505376344086016,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.3.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"d4f24275-2164-485a-8e09-084d042a6d24"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":99.38650306748465,"height":99.27360774818402,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Nominal scale<\/span> - <\/strong>Data that is measured <\/strong>using a nominal scale is <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>qualitative<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>categorical). Categories, colors, names, labels and favorite foods along with yes or no responses are examples of nominal level data. Nominal scale data are <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>not<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em> <\/strong><\/em>ordered. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>For <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>example, trying to order people according to their favorite food does not make any sense. Putting <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>veggie <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>pizza first and vegan sushi second is not meaningful.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n

<\/span>Ordinal Scale <\/span> <\/span>-<\/strong> <\/span>Data that is measured <\/strong>using an ordinal scale is similar to nominal scale data but there is a big difference. The ordinal scale data can be ordered<\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>An <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>example of ordinal scale data is a list of the top five national parks in the United States. The top five national parks in the United States can be ranked from one to five but we cannot measure differences between the data.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n

Interval Scale<\/span> - <\/strong>Data that is measured <\/strong>using the interval scale is <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>similar to<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> ordinal level data because it has a definite ordering<\/strong> but there is a difference between data<\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Temperature scales like Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F) are measured by using the interval scale. In both temperature measurements, 40\u00b0 is equal to 100\u00b0 minus 60\u00b0. Differences make sense. But 0 degrees does not because, in both scales, 0 is not the absolute lowest temperature. Temperatures like -10\u00b0 F and -15\u00b0 C exist and are colder than 0.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n

Ratio Scale<\/span> -<\/strong> Data that is measured <\/strong>using the ratio scale takes care of the ratio problem and gives you the most information<\/strong>. Ratio scale data is like interval scale data, but it has a 0 point<\/strong> and ratios can be calculated. For <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>example, four multiple choice statistics final exam scores are 80, 68, 20 and 92 (out of a possible 100 points). The exams are machine-graded. The data can be put in order from lowest to highest: 20, 68, 80, 92. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>The <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>differences between the data have meaning<\/strong>. The score 92 is more than the score 68 by 24 points. Ratios can be calculated. The smallest score is 0. So 80 is four times 20. The score of 80 is four times better than the score of 20.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"7b21635c-8e2a-4544-900b-ddf8bbfd469c","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.36383442265796,"y":17.204301075268816,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.3.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"97774d25-127b-4a7b-8445-ff88120cfd3f"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":2.1505376344086016,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.3.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"085cc862-06f7-4b7b-80c8-79a34af1129b"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Frequency and Frequency Table<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Twenty students were asked how many hours they worked per day. Their responses, in hours, are as follows: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

5, 6, 3, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 2, 3, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 2, 5, 3.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

The table <\/strong>lists the different data values in ascending order and their frequencies. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"4661a441-1831-4ea6-bd4d-f4fabd9e16ef","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":38.70967741935483,"width":56.64488017429194,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Table 1.1","params":{"text":"

Face on Dice<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	Frequency in trial 1<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	Frequency in trial 2<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t
1<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	4<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	2<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
2<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	7<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	3<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
3<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	1<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	4<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
4<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	5<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	5<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
5<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	2<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	2<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
6<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	1<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	4<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
SUM<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	20<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	20<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t	<\/th>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t

\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n"},"subContentId":"4a2a62ec-8a86-4e60-b193-9fcd531a6864","metadata":{"contentType":"Table","license":"U","title":"Untitled Table"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":61.037908496732015,"y":55.88043010752688,"width":35.947712418300654,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"LU Engineering team","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f445b38c31f6.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":780,"height":439},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"e413dd8a-da0b-4f57-b5f7-6fd1680794d3","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/i.cbc.ca\/1.5300771.1569615855!\/fileImage\/httpImage\/image.jpg_gen\/derivatives\/16x9_780\/lakehead-engineering-tea.jpg"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":4.29436559139785,"width":68.7363834422658,"height":62.36559139784946,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","alt":"Relative frequency table","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f445be807920.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":770,"height":353},"title":"Relative frequency table","decorative":false},"subContentId":"1da63af6-9b80-4612-8f4b-0d4416151e88","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":64.05228758169935,"y":17.204301075268816,"width":35.979656272044025,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f445bfe4c6a9.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":780,"height":439},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"791559b6-9e45-40d5-97aa-50a07d42eb4d","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":70.96774193548387,"width":96.94989106753813,"height":25.806451612903224,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Frequency and Frequency Table<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

A relative frequency<\/strong> is the ratio <\/strong>(fraction <\/strong>or proportion<\/strong><\/span>) of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the set of all outcomes to the total number of outcomes. To find the relative frequencies, divide each frequency by the total number of students in the sample\u2013in this case, 20. Relative frequencies can be written as fractions, percents, or decimals.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"75ea2365-72c3-4639-bc79-643d9ff3ccfe","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":87.14596949891067,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.3.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"3ed0032b-3235-4126-af0f-9d0c36c43844"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.1042944785276072,"y":0.9685230024213075,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":30.10752688172043,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Frequency and Frequency Table<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Cumulative relative frequency<\/strong> is the accumulation of the previous relative frequencies<\/strong><\/em>. To find the cumulative relative frequencies, add all the previous relative frequencies to the relative frequency for the current row, as shown in Table. The sum of the values in the relative frequency column of the table is 1. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>The last entry of the cumulative relative frequency column is one, indicating that one hundred percent of the data has been accumulated.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"8cb0952f-b9ce-4c74-81ff-14b421627e19","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0889570552147239,"y":31.442857142857143,"width":74.47852760736195,"height":67.31234866828088,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f445dcf19b5d.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":784,"height":359},"alt":"Cumulative relative frequency","title":"Cumulative relative frequency","decorative":false},"subContentId":"09a71e58-5d4d-4bcb-8a93-cab5aea64382","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":86.05664488017429,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.3.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"31b8a1cc-c7b2-467e-8fe2-583fac60a5c3"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":72.39263803680981,"y":53.26876513317191,"width":25.644171779141104,"height":28.571428571428573,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f445e12eb7e6.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":780,"height":439},"alt":"LU Engineering team","title":"LU Engineering team","decorative":false},"subContentId":"7a199f24-8016-41cb-9266-4d24917f8b71","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1370967741935485,"width":64.27015250544663,"height":95.05376344086021,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f445ec068b26.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":600,"height":450},"alt":"Soccer players","title":"Soccer players","decorative":false},"subContentId":"f9e08430-d4cc-4f12-b833-c880b8452ebd","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":86.05664488017429,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.3.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"7b0cd8ef-8a98-4c6e-b513-8b84237f3e77"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":68.62745098039215,"y":30.06731182795699,"width":29.084967320261438,"height":8.602150537634408,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Another cumulative relative frequency table<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"dae7085c-c8e3-4741-8edf-6a68928d215c","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":4.301075268817204,"width":45.751633986928105,"height":92.47311827956989,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Methods of Data Collection<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Experimental Design and Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

The purpose of an experiment <\/strong>is to investigate the relationship <\/strong><\/em>between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>explanatory variable<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>. The affected variable is called the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>response variable<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The different values of the explanatory variable are called <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>treatments<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>. An <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>experimental unit<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>is a single object or individual to be measured.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"b7732993-d08f-4ae9-9b22-df0a02e5a538"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":86.05664488017429,"y":2.1505376344086016,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.4.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"781add0b-5ecc-4e2d-8848-4369d21e5cb1"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":47.930283224400874,"y":22.48989247311828,"width":50.98039215686275,"height":75.48387096774194,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f445f636dd28.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":600,"height":450},"alt":"Experimental design and ethics","title":"Experimental design and ethics","decorative":false},"subContentId":"a2007572-ae31-4e86-b3a5-96c795cf992c","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.133737634408602,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":36.55913978494623,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Example -<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Researchers want to investigate whether taking aspirin regularly reduces the risk of heart attack. Four hundred men between the ages of 50 and 84 are recruited as participants. The men are divided randomly into two groups: one group will take aspirin, and the other group will take a placebo. Each man takes one pill each day for three years, but he does not know whether he is taking aspirin or the placebo. At the end of the study, researchers count the number of men in each group who have had heart attacks. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Identify the following values for this study: population, sample, experimental units, explanatory variable, response variable, treatments<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"6a1228bd-c6d2-40ce-8856-96f202b96567","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":30.712473118279565,"width":51.19825708061002,"height":66.66666666666666,"action":{"library":"H5P.Blanks 1.14","params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"text":"Fill in the missing words","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"showSolutions":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","checkAnswer":"Check","notFilledOut":"Please fill in all blanks to view solution","answerIsCorrect":"':ans' is correct","answerIsWrong":"':ans' is wrong","answeredCorrectly":"Answered correctly","answeredIncorrectly":"Answered incorrectly","solutionLabel":"Correct answer:","inputLabel":"Blank input @num of @total","inputHasTipLabel":"Tip available","tipLabel":"Tip","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"autoCheck":false,"caseSensitive":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"separateLines":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"acceptSpellingErrors":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"questions":["

The *population* is men aged 50 to 84.<\/p>\n","

The *sample* is the 400 men who participated.<\/p>\n","

The *response variable* is whether a subject had a heart attack.<\/p>\n","

The *explanatory variable* is oral medication.<\/p>\n","

The *treatments* are aspirin and a placebo.<\/p>\n","

The *experimental units* are the individual men in the study.<\/p>\n"],"a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode","submitAnswer":"Submit"},"subContentId":"98598d76-7958-4ec1-8f57-1c2fe6c45a5d","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Untitled Fill in the Blanks"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":58.82352941176471,"y":47.31182795698924,"width":31.45644830157297,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f4461942ba93.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1600,"height":1030},"alt":"Senior with asprin","title":"Senior with asprin","decorative":false},"subContentId":"70e202ac-9fe3-4c56-9f04-619811fa3d3f","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.harvard.edu%2Fwomens-health%2Fexperts-recommend-low-dose-aspirin-to-prevent-stroke-in-women&psig=AOvVaw29maZ-1IuxlL8gbJYGCp7M&ust=1598403311064000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLiFxMCSt"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":86.05664488017429,"y":92.47311827956989,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.4.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"cdc79a64-50f3-410e-b774-296446da66eb"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"slideBackgroundSelector":{},"elements":[{"x":86.05664488017429,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":12.200435729847495,"height":6.451612903225806,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Section 1.4.<\/strong><\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"a63a4d3a-2c9a-43b7-ba7d-2d1a44012931"},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":79.56989247311827,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Ethics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services oversees federal regulations of research studies with the aim of protecting participants. When a university or other research institution engages in research, it must ensure the safety of all human subjects. For this reason, research institutions establish oversight committees known as Institutional Review Boards (IRB). All planned studies must be approved in advance by the IRB. Key protections that are mandated by law include the following:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

\u2022<\/span><\/span><\/span>Risks to participants must be minimized and reasonable with respect to projected benefits.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u2022<\/span><\/span><\/span>Participants must give informed consent. This means that the risks of participation must be clearly explained to the subjects of the study. Subjects must consent in writing, and researchers are required to keep documentation of their consent.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u2022<\/span><\/span><\/span>Data collected from individuals must be guarded carefully to protect their privacy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n

There are similar rules in Canada<\/strong>, you can read about some of them here:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>https:\/\/clinregs.niaid.nih.gov\/country\/canada#regulatory_fees<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Research at Lakehead University <\/strong>is governed by: https:\/\/www.lakeheadu.ca\/research-and-innovation\/ethics\/human-subjects<\/a><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"cdaa620c-b35b-4bea-8cb8-4613a2ce3a6f","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":2.4539877300613497,"y":79.90314769975787,"width":96.62309368191721,"height":18.279569892473116,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

This OpenStax ancillary resource is \u00a9 Reza Khademakbari under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified for noncommercial purposes only but must be attributed to Reza Kahdemakbari and any changes must be noted. Any adaptation must be shared under the same type of license. ***Changes were made to Lakehead University specific material, Canadian specific material in some slides*** Only slides 5, 19, 23, 24, 34, and part of 35 are unchanged. <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"0d496504-162e-4053-b39a-282554e0a83c","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}]}],"keywordListEnabled":true,"globalBackgroundSelector":{},"keywordListAlwaysShow":false,"keywordListAutoHide":false,"keywordListOpacity":90},"override":{"activeSurface":false,"hideSummarySlide":false,"summarySlideSolutionButton":true,"summarySlideRetryButton":true,"enablePrintButton":true,"social":{"showFacebookShare":false,"facebookShare":{"url":"@currentpageurl","quote":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl."},"showTwitterShare":false,"twitterShare":{"statement":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl.","url":"@currentpageurl","hashtags":"h5p, course"},"showGoogleShare":false,"googleShareUrl":"@currentpageurl"}},"l10n":{"slide":"Slide","score":"Score","yourScore":"Your Score","maxScore":"Max Score","total":"Total","totalScore":"Total Score","showSolutions":"Show solutions","retry":"Retry","exportAnswers":"Export text","hideKeywords":"Hide sidebar navigation menu","showKeywords":"Show sidebar navigation menu","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","prevSlide":"Previous slide","nextSlide":"Next slide","currentSlide":"Current slide","lastSlide":"Last slide","solutionModeTitle":"Exit solution mode","solutionModeText":"Solution Mode","summaryMultipleTaskText":"Multiple tasks","scoreMessage":"You achieved:","shareFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareTwitter":"Share on Twitter","shareGoogle":"Share on Google+","summary":"Summary","solutionsButtonTitle":"Show comments","printTitle":"Print","printIngress":"How would you like to print this presentation?","printAllSlides":"Print all slides","printCurrentSlide":"Print current slide","noTitle":"No title","accessibilitySlideNavigationExplanation":"Use left and right arrow to change slide in that direction whenever canvas is selected.","accessibilityCanvasLabel":"Presentation canvas. Use left and right arrow to move between slides.","containsNotCompleted":"@slideName contains not completed interaction","containsCompleted":"@slideName contains completed interaction","slideCount":"Slide @index of @total","containsOnlyCorrect":"@slideName only has correct answers","containsIncorrectAnswers":"@slideName has incorrect answers","shareResult":"Share Result","accessibilityTotalScore":"You got @score of @maxScore points in total","accessibilityEnteredFullscreen":"Entered fullscreen","accessibilityExitedFullscreen":"Exited fullscreen","confirmDialogHeader":"Submit your answers","confirmDialogText":"This will submit your results, do you want to continue?","confirmDialogConfirmText":"Submit and see results"}}

Data Value (number of hours worked)<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	Frequency<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
2<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	3<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
3<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	5<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
4<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	3<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
5<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	6<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
6<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	2<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t
7<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t	1<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t	<\/th>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t

1 Quantitative Methods in Geography: Sampling and Data

Lisa Tutty