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The social science literature (Crisp & Cruz, 2009) includes <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>more than 50 definitions <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>of mentoring.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"95886c64-67ee-4454-9140-4cb6d0123eec","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"From the Literature"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"

\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Mentor\u201d derives from <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Homer\u2019s Odyssey <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>in which Odysseus, King of Ithaca, leaves his son, Telemachus, under the guidance of his trusted friend Mentor. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>The goddess Athena took the form of Mentor in order to guide Telemachus in his quest for manhood.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> The 8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>th<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> century laws of Hammurabi of Babylon required artisans to teach their craft to younger students.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> A Sanskrit term for teacher, guide, expert, or master of certain knowledge or field.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"bae157c8-5581-45fb-a8ea-659455da509e","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Historically"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Haydn and Beethoven<\/li>\n\t
Socrates and Plato<\/li>\n\t
Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe<\/li>\n\t
Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marhall<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"f52e5759-5c48-4a95-bfdf-3282da2e5404","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Well-Known Mentor-Mentee Relationships"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
One of the first organizations to incorporate the principles of mentoring as part of their mission was the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>In 1843, members agreed to serve as \u201cfriendly visitors\u201d who visited and tried to form personal relationships with the poor as a means of reducing poverty.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"0eca1409-d19b-4d7f-b636-e09c3b5ceec8","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"One of the First Organizations"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
- Big Brothers and Big Sisters<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
- 4H clubs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
- Athletic or drama coaches<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"28c06ca3-5141-40f0-a90a-53815d3f436f","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Common Examples"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
  \n\t
  A <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>learning partnership<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> between a more experienced and a less experienced individual (Garvey & Alfred, 2003).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
  A <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>process<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> involving emotional (e.g., friendship, acceptance, support) and instrumental (e.g., information, coaching, advocacy, sponsorship) functions (Jacobi, 1991; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Kram<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 1985).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
  A <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>relationship<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> that becomes more impactful over time (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"6686f197-fafe-4134-83ee-5c93325e938a","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Common Characteristics"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
  \n\t
  Formal: Considered to be <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201cforced\/imitation\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>because the initial interaction between the mentor and mentees is more structured, and individuals are selected and assigned either a mentor or mentee by the director\/coordinator of the mentoring program.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
  Informal: <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2022<\/span>Considered <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201ctrue\/authentic\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>because it is not structured, and the interaction among individuals occurs naturally and spontaneously without external intervention.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"f7d5feba-3dbc-4051-b9f9-cfb2e4149878","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Types of Mentoring"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
  \n\t
  Academic & Social Integration Theory <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Tinto, 1993)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2013<\/span>Emphasis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>: Positive academic and social experiences for their mentees as means of helping them feel less alienated and isolated.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
  Developmental Theory <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Russell, Murrell, & Chickering, 1982)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2013<\/span>Emphasis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>: Foster intellectual development competence through role modeling so mentees can imitate the academic attitudes and behaviours of their mentors.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
  Involvement Theory <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Astin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 1984)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2013<\/span>Emphasis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>: Foster greater academic involvement.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
  Social Support Theory <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(Pearson, 1990)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2013<\/span>Emphasis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>: Mentors develop supportive relationships with their mentees.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"c48c0711-d68d-44db-9fcc-a64a96e3d6d8","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Theories"}],"hTag":"h2"}