{"showCoverPage":false,"bookCover":{},"chapters":[{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

In Week 5, you returned to the biological profile and specifically learned about how anthropologists can <\/p>\n\n

Learning Outcomes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

By the end of this activity you will have:<\/p>\n\n

\n\t
Collected two simple anthropometric measurements on yourself (prior to class time, Week 9)<\/li>\n\t
Observed (in a demonstration) how data from a sample of participants is used to generate a regression equation, and how well that equation works to predict living stature from percutaneous limb lengths (knee height and upper arm length).<\/li>\n\t
Practiced calculating estimates of stature and prediction intervals from long bone lengths and skeletal height, in the latter case for individuals of known and unknown ages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

\nMaterials you will need<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Textbook, chapter 11<\/li>\n\t
The recorded video of Week 9 synchronous meeting. <\/li>\n\t
Materials provided below<\/li>\n\t
A spreadsheet program or calculator app. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"9815b106-1fe5-4588-9b53-189fd8b0cfef"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"type":{"params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-604c188f526b9.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":741,"height":408},"alt":"Image of a femur on an osteometric board."},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"5334273b-d924-4fe2-80ce-28d1ac1dcbc6"},"disableImageZooming":false},"solution":{"introduction":"
Spreadsheet with answers linked below. <\/div>\n","sample":"
Spreadsheet with answers provided here<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Factors that could affect the accuracy (and precision, but mostly accuracy) of these estimates could include:
\n <\/div>\n\n
- The age of the person involved. <\/div>\n\n
- The degree of preservation of the remains. (Are the long bone ends exfoliated by weathering, for example?)<\/div>\n\n
- Personal history and\/or population affiliation of the unknown person (which may affect body proportions via growth perturbation)<\/div>\n\n
- The size and representativeness of the reference sample used to generate the regression equation that you're using.<\/div>\n\n
- The completeness of the skeleton. (A whole leg is better than one bone, and anatomical stature is better than a leg alone.)<\/div>\n"},"keywords":[{"options":{"points":1,"occurrences":1,"caseSensitive":true,"forgiveMistakes":false,"feedbackIncludedWord":"keyword","feedbackMissedWord":"none"}}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"inputFieldSize":"10","enableRetry":true,"ignoreScoring":false,"pointsHost":1},"checkAnswer":"Check","tryAgain":"Retry","showSolution":"Show solution","feedbackHeader":"Feedback","solutionTitle":"Sample solution","remainingChars":"Remaining characters: @chars","notEnoughChars":"You must enter at least @chars characters!","messageSave":"saved","ariaYourResult":"You got @score out of @total points","ariaNavigatedToSolution":"Navigated to newly included sample solution after textarea.","taskDescription":"
This spreadsheet<\/a> contains long bone data for three individuals and one full set of measurements for calculating anatomical stature (Raxter et al. 2006). Use the equations provided in this spreadsheet to calculate these quantities, and think about the factors that could affect the quality of your estimates. <\/p>\n\n
What are some of the factors that could affect the quality of stature estimates that you have generated here? (Assume that observer error is reasonably low here.)<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Essay 1.5","metadata":{"contentType":"Essay","license":"U","title":"1 - Estimating Stature with Long Bones and Skeletal Height"},"subContentId":"3ecca9b5-955a-4f88-a7a9-44f17e212f17"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"solution":{"sample":"

\nA) A case of comingled remains: A whole or partial long bone method would be most appropriate here, unless your team had had great success in separating out and re-associating the remains of all the different individuals. Assuming that this would not be possible, and\/or that some elements, like individual vertebrae, might be damaged or missing, the anatomical stature method would not be appropriate. Probably long bones are your best shot.<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
B) A single complete skeleton: If you have a complete and well preserved skeleton, then the anatomical method is preferable, since it captures sources of variation, like limb proportions, that cannot be accounted for with individual or even multiple long bones. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
C) A skeleton with severe osteoarthritic degeneration of the spine: While you can also correct an estimate from the long bones for advanced age, here an additional consideration might be the loss of height from the compression of the vertebrae themselves. As you may have seen, some very elderly people develop compression of the spine, sometimes even into a kyphosis (hunch), which can substantially reduce their living stature. The anatomical method would probably be preferable here. <\/div>\n","introduction":""},"keywords":[{"options":{"points":1,"occurrences":1,"caseSensitive":true,"forgiveMistakes":false,"feedbackIncludedWord":"keyword","feedbackMissedWord":"none"}}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"inputFieldSize":"10","enableRetry":true,"ignoreScoring":false,"pointsHost":1},"checkAnswer":"Check","tryAgain":"Retry","showSolution":"Show solution","feedbackHeader":"Feedback","solutionTitle":"Sample solution","remainingChars":"Remaining characters: @chars","notEnoughChars":"You must enter at least @chars characters!","messageSave":"saved","ariaYourResult":"You got @score out of @total points","ariaNavigatedToSolution":"Navigated to newly included sample solution after textarea.","taskDescription":"
Following on the question posed on the last page: which approaches to estimating body size do you think would be most effective in the following situations, and why?
\n
\nA) A case of comingled remains<\/p>\n\n
B) A single complete skeleton<\/p>\n\n
C) A skeleton with signs of age-related degeneration<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Essay 1.5","metadata":{"contentType":"Essay","license":"U","title":"2 - Application Questions: When To Use Which Method?"},"subContentId":"b435678b-3fe9-4c06-b911-094ad6083ed9"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Week 9 Virtual Lab Introduction"},"subContentId":"0b13a032-c60b-4ae7-b89d-2bc0d11f8bb0"}],"behaviour":{"defaultTableOfContents":true,"progressIndicators":true,"progressAuto":true,"displaySummary":true},"read":"Read","displayTOC":"Display 'Table of contents'","hideTOC":"Hide 'Table of contents'","nextPage":"Next page","previousPage":"Previous page","chapterCompleted":"Page completed!","partCompleted":"@pages of @total completed","incompleteChapter":"Incomplete page","navigateToTop":"Navigate to the top","markAsFinished":"I have finished this page","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","bookProgressSubtext":"@count of @total pages","interactionsProgressSubtext":"@count of @total interactions","submitReport":"Submit Report","restartLabel":"Restart","summaryHeader":"Summary","allInteractions":"All interactions","unansweredInteractions":"Unanswered interactions","scoreText":"@score \/ @maxscore","leftOutOfTotalCompleted":"@left of @max interactions completed","noInteractions":"No interactions","score":"Score","summaryAndSubmit":"Summary & submit","noChapterInteractionBoldText":"You have not interacted with any pages.","noChapterInteractionText":"You have to interact with at least one page before you can see the summary.","yourAnswersAreSubmittedForReview":"Your answers are submitted for review!","bookProgress":"Book progress","interactionsProgress":"Interactions progress","totalScoreLabel":"Total score","a11y":{"progress":"Page @page of @total.","menu":"Toggle navigation menu"}}