{"mode":"normal","dialogs":[{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat is the term for the conversion of stimulus energies, such as light, into neural impulses that the brain can interpret?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Transduction<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tThe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to recognize meaningful objects and events is defined as _____.\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Perception<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhich photoreceptors are highly sensitive and utilized primarily for peripheral and night vision?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Rods<\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"

What is a receptive field?<\/p>\n","answer":"

The region of visual space in which stimulation will elicit or modulate a neuron's firing rate.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the retina, which cell types are responsible for mediating lateral inhibition?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Horizontal and amacrine cells<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhy do receptive fields in the fovea allow for higher visual acuity than those in the periphery?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Single cones in the fovea connect to individual bipolar and ganglion cells, keeping receptive fields small.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tThe organization of retinal receptive fields where light hitting the center has the opposite effect of light hitting the ring is known as _____.\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Centre-surround antagonism<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat is the primary function of lateral inhibition in the early stages of visual processing?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

To enhance contrast at the edges of objects by inhibiting the activity of neighbouring neurons.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the dark, what is the state of photoreceptors regarding their membrane potential and neurotransmitter release?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

They are depolarized and continuously release glutamate.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tHow do ON bipolar cells respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Glutamate acts as an inhibitory signal, causing the ON bipolar cell to hyperpolarize.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat type of glutamate receptors are expressed by ON bipolar cells?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Metabotropic glutamate receptors<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat is the physiological response of an OFF bipolar cell when light hits the center of its receptive field?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

It hyperpolarizes and becomes less active because it loses its excitatory glutamate input.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhich type of glutamate receptors are used by OFF bipolar cells to ensure glutamate is excitatory?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Ionotropic glutamate receptors<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tDo bipolar cells fire action potentials?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

No. They respond only with graded postsynaptic potentials.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"

Which type of retinal cell is the only one that generates action potentials?<\/p>\n","answer":"

Ganglion cells<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tUnder what condition does an ON-centre ganglion cell fire most vigorously?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

When a small spot of light is shone directly in the center of its receptive field.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tHow does uniform illumination across both the center and surround affect the firing rate of a ganglion cell?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

The firing rate remains at a weak, baseline level due to the cancellation of excitatory and inhibitory signals.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tAt the optic chiasm, which axons cross over to the contralateral side of the brain?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

The axons from the nasal (inner) half of each retina.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat term describes the preservation of the retina's spatial organization within the lateral geniculate nucleus?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Retinotopic map<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the LGN, which layers are designated as the magnocellular layers?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Layers 1 and 2<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhich layers of the LGN are the parvocellular layers?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Layers 3, 4, 5, and 6<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the LGN, which specific layers receive input from the contralateral eye?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Layers 1, 4, and 6.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the LGN, which specific layers receive input from the ipsilateral eye?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Layers 2, 3, and 5<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhich layer of the primary visual cortex serves as the main input station for signals arriving from the LGN?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Layer 4<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the primary visual cortex, what are 'blobs' primarily specialized to process?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Colour information<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat are ocular dominance columns?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Alternating bands of neurons in the visual cortex that respond preferentially to input from one eye or the other.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat is the function of binocular disparity cells in the primary visual cortex?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

To detect the slight differences in images from the two eyes to enable depth perception and stereopsis.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tThe dorsal stream of visual processing is often referred to as the _____ pathway.\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

\"where\" or \"how\"<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ventral stream of visual processing is commonly known as the _____ pathway.\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

\"what\"<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tTo which lobe of the brain does the dorsal stream primarily project?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

The parietal lobe.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhich brain lobe is the destination for the ventral stream's processing of object recognition and face perception?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

The temporal lobe<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

Bottom-up is data-driven from sensory input; top-down is concept-driven using prior knowledge and expectations.<\/p>\n","tips":{}},{"text":"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tHow does color constancy affect our perception of objects?\n\t\t\n\t\n\n","answer":"

It allows us to perceive the colour of an object as remaining stable despite changes in illumination.<\/p>\n","tips":{}}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"disableBackwardsNavigation":false,"scaleTextNotCard":true,"randomCards":true,"maxProficiency":5,"quickProgression":false},"answer":"Turn","next":"Next","prev":"Previous","retry":"Retry","correctAnswer":"I got it right!","incorrectAnswer":"I got it wrong","round":"Round @round","cardsLeft":"Cards left: @number","nextRound":"Proceed to round @round","startOver":"Start over","showSummary":"Next","summary":"Summary","summaryCardsRight":"Cards you got right:","summaryCardsWrong":"Cards you got wrong:","summaryCardsNotShown":"Cards in pool not shown:","summaryOverallScore":"Overall Score","summaryCardsCompleted":"Cards you have completed learning:","summaryCompletedRounds":"Completed rounds:","summaryAllDone":"Well done! You have mastered all @cards cards by getting them correct @max times!","progressText":"Card @card of @total","cardFrontLabel":"Card front","cardBackLabel":"Card back","tipButtonLabel":"Show tip","audioNotSupported":"Your browser does not support this audio","confirmStartingOver":{"header":"Start over?","body":"All progress will be lost. Are you sure you want to start over?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Start over"},"title":"

Practice your knowledge of visual perception<\/p>\n","description":""}

Vision: From Sensation to Perception

Description

Elham Satvat, PhD