{"timeline":{"defaultZoomLevel":"2","height":600,"asset":{},"date":[{"asset":{"credit":"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:John_Broadus_Watson.JPG#\/media\/File:John_Broadus_Watson.JPG","caption":"John Broadus Watson at Johns Hopkins c. 1908-1921","thumbnail":{"path":"images\/thumbnail-69eb83fdcd2a9.JPG","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"PD","source":"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:John_Broadus_Watson.JPG#\/media\/File:John_Broadus_Watson.JPG","title":"John Broadus Watson at Johns Hopkins c. 1908-1921"},"width":304,"height":437}},"startDate":"1920","headline":"Little Albert Experiment","text":"

\n\t
John B. Watson, a behaviourist psychologist, and Rosalie Rayner conditioned a baby known as \u201cAlbert B.\u201d to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud, frightening noise.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Over time, the fear spread to other soft and furry objects, showing how emotional responses can be learned.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
The study is criticized today for using a child without informed consent and causing unnecessary distress.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},{"asset":{"credit":"By Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - http:\/\/www.jble.af.mil\/photos\/mediagallery.asp?galleryID=1260&page=3 http:\/\/www.jble.af.mil\/shared\/media\/photodb\/photos\/2012%5C09%5C120917-G-ZZ999-003.jpg, Public Domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/inde","thumbnail":{"path":"images\/thumbnail-69eb876576380.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"PD","source":"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment_venipuncture.jpg#\/media\/File:Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment_venipuncture.jpg","title":"Tuskegee syphilis experiment venipuncture"},"width":600,"height":440},"caption":"Tuskegee syphilis experiment venipuncture"},"startDate":"1932","headline":"Tuskegee Syphilis Study","text":"
- \n\t
  The U.S. Public Health Service studied untreated syphilis in African-American men in Alabama.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
- \n\t
  Participants were misled about their diagnosis and were not given treatment.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
- \n\t
  Even after penicillin became a standard cure in the 1940s, it was withheld.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
- \n\t
  Many participants suffered severe health problems, and the disease was passed to family members.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
- \n\t
  It is now regarded as one of the most serious ethical violations in medical research.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","endDate":"1972"},{"asset":{},"startDate":"1939","headline":"Monster Study","text":"
  - \n\t
    Wendell Johnson, a speech pathology professor, and his graduate student, Mary Tudor, studied 22 orphaned children in Iowa to see whether negative speech feedback could cause stuttering.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
  - \n\t
    Some children were falsely told they had speech problems, while others received positive feedback.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
  - \n\t
    Several developed anxiety and self-doubt, and some experienced lasting speech issues.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
  - \n\t
    The study is widely condemned for the harm caused to vulnerable children.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},{"asset":{},"startDate":"1956","text":"
    - \n\t
      At Willowbrook State School in New York, Dr. Saul Krugman and Robert McCollum studied hepatitis by deliberately exposing children with intellectual disabilities to the virus.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
    - \n\t
      Some parents agreed, because admission to the institution depended on participation.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
    - \n\t
      The study raised serious concerns about consent and the treatment of institutionalized children.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","headline":"Willowbrook Hepatitis Experiments","endDate":"1971"},{"asset":{"caption":"Illustration of the setup of a Milgram experiment.","credit":"By Paulr - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=2185982","thumbnail":{"path":"images\/thumbnail-69ebbca7eec5d.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"CC BY-SA","title":"Exp\u00e9rience de Milgram","version":"3.0","author":"Paulr","source":"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Exp%C3%A9rience_de_Milgram.png"},"width":500,"height":634}},"startDate":"1961","headline":"Milgram Obedience Experiment","text":"
      - \n\t
        Stanley Milgram, a psychologist, conducted a study at Yale University to examine obedience to authority.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
      - \n\t
        <\/p>\n\n\t
        Participants were told to deliver electric shocks to another person (an actor) during a learning task.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
      - \n\t
        Many continued giving shocks even when the \u201clearner\u201d showed distress, simply because they were instructed to.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
      - \n\t
        The study raised major concerns about deception and psychological stress.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","endDate":"1962"},{"asset":{"thumbnail":{"path":"images\/thumbnail-69ebc0266725c.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"CC BY-SA","source":"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:John_Money_(1996)_(cropped,_unblurred).jpg#\/media\/File:John_Money_(1996)_(cropped,_unblurred).jpg","version":"4.0","author":"Luca Borghi","title":"John Money"},"width":675,"height":904},"credit":"By Luca Borghi - File:John Money (1996) (cropped).jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=162918382","caption":"Image of John Money"},"text":"
        \n\t
        \n\t
        After a surgical accident in infancy, David Reimer was raised as a girl under the guidance of psychologist John Money.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        He underwent medical and psychological treatments as part of this approach.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        As a teenager, he rejected the assigned identity and later returned to living as a male.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        He struggled significantly throughout his life and later died by suicide.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        The case is viewed as a tragic example of unethical medical practice and raised serious concerns about consent and decision-making in treatment<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","headline":"David Reimer Case","startDate":"1965","endDate":"2000"},{"asset":{"credit":"By Celina Strzelecka - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=152361249","caption":"Image of Professor Zimbardo in Wroc\u0142aw 2019","thumbnail":{"path":"images\/thumbnail-69ebd03ed74d7.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"CC BY-SA","source":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_Zimbardo#\/media\/File:51_Professor_Zimbardo_in_Wroc\u0142aw_2019_(cropped).jpghttps:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=75804957","title":"Professor Zimbardo in Wroc\u0142aw 2019","author":"Celina Strzelecka","version":"4.0"},"width":1065,"height":1449}},"text":"
        \n\t
        \n\t
        Philip Zimbardo created a mock prison at Stanford University to study how people respond to power roles.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        Participants were randomly assigned as guards or prisoners.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        Guards quickly became abusive, while prisoners showed signs of emotional distress.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        The experiment ended after six days because of the impact on participants.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        It is now widely criticized for causing psychological harm, limiting participants\u2019 ability to withdraw, and raising questions about how the study was conducted. <\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","headline":"The Stanford Prison Experiment","startDate":"1971"},{"asset":{},"startDate":"1998","headline":"Research Ethics Today (TCPS 2)","text":"
        \n\t
        \n\t
        Today, in Canada, research involving humans is guided by the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS 2).<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        It was first introduced in 1998 and updated in 2010, 2018, and 2022.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        The policy is based on respect for persons, concern for welfare, and justice.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
        \n\t
        All research must be reviewed by a Research Ethics Board, and researchers complete TCPS 2: CORE-2022 training.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"}],"language":"en","headline":"Why Ethics Matter in Research","text":"
        \n
        \n
        \n\t
        Modern psychological research follows strict ethical guidelines, but this was not always the case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
        <\/div>\n\n
        \n\t
        Earlier studies often ignored the protections that exist today.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
        <\/div>\n\n
        \n\t
        Vulnerable groups, including children, people with disabilities, prisoners, and minority communities, were sometimes treated in harmful ways.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","backgroundImage":{"path":"images\/backgroundImage-69eb7817e8cf1.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"CC BY-SA","author":"David Hillas","source":"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Statue_of_the_Lady_of_Justice,_Old_Bailey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5417053.jpg#\/media\/File:Statue_of_the_Lady_of_Justice,_Old_Bailey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5417053.jpg","version":"2.0","title":"Statue of the Lady of Justice, Old Bailey"},"width":2592,"height":1944}}}

The Dark Side of Reseaerch

Description

Elham Satvat, PhD