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Components & Structure of Language<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n"},"subContentId":"638d32d7-4ee9-4aeb-b17e-845534e26ec8","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"keywords":[{"main":"Title"}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{"fillSlideBackground":"#2b6fdf"}},{"elements":[{"x":32.49969460019523,"y":8.848912581467838,"width":66.1232604819377,"height":90.76114869651458,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
The study of language involves understanding a few key components that all work together.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
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Phonemes and phonology<\/span><\/span><\/strong>, which deal with the sounds of a language<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Morphemes and morphology<\/span><\/span><\/strong>, the smallest units of meaning and how they\u2019re formed<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Syntax<\/span><\/span><\/strong>, or the rules for how we put words together to form sentences<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Semantics<\/span><\/span><\/strong>, which focuses on what those words and sentences actually mean<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Pragmatics<\/span><\/span><\/strong>, the way we use language in real social situations<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"27d55e0d-02ff-4d02-9488-f92c782bb941","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{},"keywords":[{"main":"Introduction"}]},{"elements":[{"x":32.501263626715144,"y":8.855199773306886,"width":65.00252725343029,"height":88.53782941343155,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Phonemes<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
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A phoneme refers to the smallest sound unit in a language that can change the meaning of a word.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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The field of phonology<\/strong> focuses on the analysis and organization of these sound units.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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For example, the word \u201cbit\u201d contains three distinct phonemes.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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In spoken languages, phonemes are created through specific movements of the vocal tract, involving the lips, teeth, tongue, vocal folds, and throat.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"1314a7a4-6d3e-4c75-9ad7-5d9c6dab00d4","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"keywords":[{"main":"Phonemes"}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":31.378176858427853,"y":8.8504843794276,"width":67.24242468392521,"height":88.55199773306886,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Phoneme Development<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
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While human speakers can create hundreds of unique phonemes, most languages only use a small subset.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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English utilizes approximately 45 phonemes.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Some languages use as few as 15, while others use more than 60.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Infants are initially able to detect all phonemes.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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However, they lose this ability as they age.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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By 10 months, a child\u2019s ability to recognize phonemes becomes very similar to that of the adult speakers of their native language.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"33d1385e-93d4-4f26-9bb2-a057157fba48","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"keywords":[{"main":"More on Phoneme "}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":32.501263626715144,"y":8.855199773306886,"width":66.11922584231509,"height":90.75959903655425,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Morphemes<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
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Smallest units of meaning in a language, consisting of one or more phonemes.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Different from phonemes, which are units of sound without inherent meaning.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Some morphemes serve as prefixes and suffixes to modify other words.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Examples: -s<\/strong> in cats, -est<\/strong> in happiest.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
\n<\/ul>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"9df02535-9a3f-4f48-9525-b5724e8c1705","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{},"keywords":[{"main":"Morphemes "}]},{"elements":[{"x":33.621212341962604,"y":6.636684436100879,"width":63.88022499840296,"height":73.05074914990081,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Morphology<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
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The study of word structure and how morphemes combine to form words.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Examples: re-<\/strong> in rewrite <\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Morphology explains how words convey meaning and how new forms are generated within a language system.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"7d6024e8-78ff-42e4-8bb1-3a6402fa7d2b","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{},"keywords":[{"main":"Morphology"}]},{"elements":[{"x":33.619643315442694,"y":8.848912581467838,"width":63.88179402492287,"height":86.33819778974213,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Syntax<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
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Study of sentence and phrase structure; how words are arranged to convey meaning.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Governed by syntactic rules<\/span><\/strong>, which, with morphological rules, make up a language\u2019s grammar<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Word order matters<\/span><\/span><\/strong>: \u201cEugene walked the dog\u201d<\/span> \u2260 \u201cThe dog walked Eugene.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Hierarchical structure<\/span><\/span><\/strong>: Phrases group together within sentences (e.g., \u201cThe dog from the park barked\u201d<\/span> \u2192 \u201cfrom the park\u201d<\/span> modifies \u201cthe dog\u201d<\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Essential for analyzing how sentences are constructed and interpreted across languages.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"subContentId":"3e3c34fd-95ce-4cbb-b898-f22a814ce027","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"keywords":[{"main":"Syntax"}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":32.498910086935275,"y":8.852056177387361,"width":65.00252725343029,"height":57.54772952677812,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Semantics (Meaning)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
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Semantics<\/span><\/strong> is, most generally, about the meaning of sentences.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Those who study semantics are interested in words and what real-world object or concept those words denote, or point to.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"subContentId":"585f6cb1-d94a-42ca-994c-aeee569c8333","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"keywords":[{"main":"Semantic"}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":32.49969460019523,"y":6.636684436100879,"width":65.00252725343029,"height":70.83849886653442,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Pragmatics (Social Use)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
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Pragmatics<\/span><\/strong> refers to the social side of language or how we communicate effectively and appropriately with others.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Examples of pragmatics include:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\t
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Turn-taking<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
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Staying on topic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
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Volume and tone of voice<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
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Appropriate eye contact<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"a86fe2d8-55c2-48ac-899b-28391e7aabb6","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"keywords":[{"main":"Pragmatics"}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":32.49969460019523,"y":6.639828032020402,"width":65.00095822691037,"height":64.19709903655426,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
The Influence of Context<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
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Words do not have fixed meanings; their meaning depends on the context in which they are used.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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We rely on surrounding cues, such as prior knowledge, facial expressions, gestures, and posture, to interpret language accurately.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
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Misinterpretations can occur when context is missing or ignored, like what happens in text messages or headlines.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"subContentId":"23f68b4f-2ee6-4c12-a88f-03f94dc8870d","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"keywords":[{"main":"The Influence of Context"}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}}],"keywordListEnabled":true,"globalBackgroundSelector":{"fillGlobalBackground":"#ffffff"},"keywordListAlwaysShow":true,"keywordListAutoHide":false,"keywordListOpacity":90},"override":{"activeSurface":false,"hideSummarySlide":false,"summarySlideSolutionButton":true,"summarySlideRetryButton":true,"enablePrintButton":false,"social":{"showFacebookShare":false,"facebookShare":{"url":"@currentpageurl","quote":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl."},"showTwitterShare":false,"twitterShare":{"statement":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl.","url":"@currentpageurl","hashtags":"h5p, course"},"showGoogleShare":false,"googleShareUrl":"@currentpageurl"}},"l10n":{"slide":"Slide","score":"Score","yourScore":"Your Score","maxScore":"Max Score","total":"Total","totalScore":"Total Score","showSolutions":"Show solutions","retry":"Retry","exportAnswers":"Export text","hideKeywords":"Hide sidebar navigation menu","showKeywords":"Show sidebar navigation menu","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","prevSlide":"Previous slide","nextSlide":"Next slide","currentSlide":"Current slide","lastSlide":"Last slide","solutionModeTitle":"Exit solution mode","solutionModeText":"Solution Mode","summaryMultipleTaskText":"Multiple tasks","scoreMessage":"You achieved:","shareFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareTwitter":"Share on Twitter","shareGoogle":"Share on Google+","summary":"Summary","solutionsButtonTitle":"Show comments","printTitle":"Print","printIngress":"How would you like to print this presentation?","printAllSlides":"Print all slides","printCurrentSlide":"Print current slide","noTitle":"No title","accessibilitySlideNavigationExplanation":"Use left and right arrow to change slide in that direction whenever canvas is selected.","accessibilityCanvasLabel":"Presentation canvas. Use left and right arrow to move between slides.","accessibilityProgressBarLabel":"Choose slide to display","containsNotCompleted":"@slideName contains not completed interaction","containsCompleted":"@slideName contains completed interaction","slideCount":"Slide @index of @total","containsOnlyCorrect":"@slideName only has correct answers","containsIncorrectAnswers":"@slideName has incorrect answers","shareResult":"Share Result","accessibilityTotalScore":"You got @score of @maxScore points in total","accessibilityEnteredFullscreen":"Entered fullscreen","accessibilityExitedFullscreen":"Exited fullscreen","confirmDialogHeader":"Submit your answers","confirmDialogText":"This will submit your results, do you want to continue?","confirmDialogConfirmText":"Submit and see results","slideshowNavigationLabel":"Slideshow navigation","confirmDialogConfirmLabel":"Confirm","confirmDialogCancelLabel":"Cancel"}}

Language Components and Structure

Description

Elham Satvat, PhD