{"timeline":{"defaultZoomLevel":"0","height":600,"asset":{},"date":[{"asset":{"media":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk%2C_1936.jpg\/1024px-Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk%2C_1936.jpg","credit":"Wikipedia","caption":"Walter Lippmann, 1936"},"startDate":"1920","endDate":"1950","headline":"Theoretical Innovation","text":"

1938 Walter Lippmann Colloquium in Paris with 26 leading liberal thinkers. The term neoliberalism originated here.<\/p>\n\n

\"laissez-faire was dogma: the only way to protect private property and market freedom from the state was to limit the powers of the state. Neoliberalism flipped the script by imagining an active, interventionist state actively working not in the interests of the common good, but in the interests of free markets<\/strong><\/em>.\"<\/p>\n","tag":"Phase 1"},{"asset":{"media":"https:\/\/www.thetimes.com\/imageserver\/image\/%2Fmethode%2Fsundaytimes%2Fprod%2Fweb%2Fbin%2F47e55bfe-2359-11e6-8efa-9d4401b01310.jpg?crop=2667%2C1500%2C0%2C0&resize=1500","credit":"https:\/\/www.thetimes.com\/imageserver\/image\/%2Fmethode%2Fsundaytimes%2Fprod%2Fweb%2Fbin%2F47e55bfe-2359-11e6-8efa-9d4401b01310.jpg?crop=2667%2C1500%2C0%2C0&resize=1500","caption":"Image of Russian Dolls in a row from Left (largest doll) to the right (smallest doll)"},"startDate":"1950","endDate":"1980","headline":"Phase 2: Organizing, Institution Building, and Knowledge Production","text":"

Mont Pelerin Society (MPS)<\/strong> 1947, Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek <\/p>\n\n

\"The state should focus on full employment, economic growth, and the welfare of its citizens, and that state power should be freely deployed, alongside of or, if necessary, intervening in or even substituting for market processes to achieve these ends.\u201d A central piece of the embedded liberal compromise was the 'Bretton Woods Accord' <\/strong>which aimed to link currency to the gold standard and avoid currency speculation that could destabalize national economies\"<\/p>\n\n

Neoliberal Thought Collective<\/strong>: structured as a \u201cRussian Doll\u201d with MPS at the Centre<\/p>\n\n

1970s: a brutal experiment in forced Neoliberalism in Chile with a US\/CIA-backed military overthrow of the democratic, socialist government and a violent crackdown on leftists. The military enforced \"an aggressive, neoliberal-inspired restructuring of the Chilean economy, privatizing vital industries and state services and opening the country to foreign capital investment.\" Chilean economists trained at Milton Freidman's Chicago School were instrumental in forcing Neoliberalsm on the people of Chile.<\/p>\n","tag":"Phase 2"},{"asset":{"media":"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/object\/image\/00000142-926f-d33c-abc6-ff7f6b850023\/40300FE_130408_thatcher.jpg?update-time=&size=responsive970","credit":"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/object\/image\/00000142-926f-d33c-abc6-ff7f6b850023\/40300FE_130408_thatcher.jpg?update-time=&size=responsive970","caption":"Thatcher and Reagan"},"startDate":"1980","endDate":"2000","headline":"Phase Three: Crisis Management and Policy Implementation","text":"

Neoliberalsm goes mainstream and uses crisis (real or manufactured) to apply its economic principles, a tactic championed by Milton Friedman whose method called for: \"[developing] alternatives to existing policies, to keep them alive and available until the politically impossible becomes politically inevitable\" during a crisis<\/p>\n\n

Naomi Kiine referred to neoliberalism\u2019s exploitation of crisis as \"the shock doctrine<\/strong>\"<\/p>\n\n

Reagan and Thatcher - champions of Neoliberalism in the US (1980) and Britain (1979)<\/p>\n\n

Trickle Down Economics<\/strong>: \"the argument was that if capital accumulation was freed from the state, its social obligations, and its governing elites, wealth would \u201ctrickle down\u201d organically to those who worked hard and merited it.\" <\/p>\n\n

Criminalization of Poverty - the \"War on Drugs\" using Racecraft to divide and oppress <\/p>\n\n

Left Neoliberalism under President Clinton \"mixed social liberalism with the fiscal discipline of structural adjustment\" - signed the NAFTA agreement - increased penalties and harshness for offenders with largest-ever crime bill.<\/p>\n\n

WTO - Battle in Seattle<\/p>\n","tag":"Phase 3"},{"asset":{"credit":"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/blue-concrete-storey-house-on-top-of-building-at-daytime-ob-hsLNxYPc","media":"https:\/\/pbs.twimg.com\/media\/GZTiOsQWYAAbinZ?format=jpg&name=large"},"startDate":"2000","headline":"Phase Four: Crisis Ordinariness and Precarity","text":"

9\/11 2001 moves us into a permanent state of crisis - in the US the Patriot Act and the forced restructuring of Iraq.<\/p>\n\n

We live under what Lauren Berlant calls \u201ccrisis ordinariness\" where global and everyday violence is accepted as the new norm. We are made to feel vulnerable in a constant state of precarity in a class war brought on by neoliberalism.<\/p>\n","tag":"Phase 4"}],"language":"en","headline":"Neoliberalism's Rise in Four Phases","text":"

Neoliberalism became the hegemonic system over a sustained period of decades, starting in the 1920s and developing in four distinct phases according to \"A New Hegemony: The Rise of Neoliberalism\u201d chapter 1 in Neoliberalism. Wilson, Julie. Routledge, 2017<\/div>\n","era":[{"text":""}],"backgroundImage":{"path":"images\/backgroundImage-6703dc73abeb4.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":561,"height":403,"originalImage":{"path":"images\/backgroundImage-6703dc405e7bb.png","mime":"image\/png","height":600,"width":602}}}}

A timeline of the four phases of Neoliberalsm's rise

Randy Kay