{"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100,"feedback":"'shape-sharing' is a noun and can be modified by an adjective. 'given' could be analysed as a preposition."}],"checkAnswerButton":"Check","tryAgainButton":"Retry","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"showScorePoints":true},"correctAnswer":"Correct!","incorrectAnswer":"Incorrect!","missedAnswer":"Answer not found!","displaySolutionDescription":"Task is updated to contain the solution.","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","a11yFullTextLabel":"Full readable text","a11yClickableTextLabel":"Full text where words can be marked","a11ySolutionModeHeader":"Solution mode","a11yCheckingHeader":"Checking mode","taskDescription":"

Click on all the participles in the following text.<\/p>\n","textField":"

In the paradigm of each regular verb, the preterite and past participle share an identical shape, and indeed this is also the case with most of the 220 or so irregular verbs. Nevertheless, there are a good number like fly<\/em><\/strong> which have distinct shapes.<\/p>\n\n

We can set out the paradigms for walk<\/strong><\/em> and fly<\/strong> in chart form, with lines *indicating* distinctions in shape (the order of *presenting* the forms is *chosen* purely to make it easy to represent where shape-sharing occurs):<\/p>\n\n

(Chart not *shown*)<\/p>\n\n

When preterite and past participle share the same shape, we can tell which one we have in any *given* sentence by a substitution<\/strong> test: we select a verb in which preterite and past participle are distinct and substitute it in the example to see which shape is *required*. The following examples will illustrate the idea:<\/p>\n\n

[7] examples with walk <\/strong><\/em>fly<\/em><\/strong> substituted for walk<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

i a. She usually walked there.<\/em> b. She usually flew there.<\/em><\/p>\n\n

ii a. If only we walked more.<\/em> b. If only we flew more.<\/em><\/p>\n\n

[8]<\/p>\n\n

i a. She has *walked* a lot.<\/em> b. She has *flown* a lot.<\/em><\/p>\n\n

ii a. We were *walked* out.<\/em> b. We were *flown* to New York.<\/em><\/p>\n\n

We can see that the walked<\/em> of [7] is a preterite form, because the experiment of *substituting* fly<\/em><\/strong> in these constructions requires flew<\/em>. *Flown*<\/em> would be quite impossible here. Notice that in [ii] we have again *chosen* a construction where the preterite does not indicate past time. You can\u2019t decide whether a form is preterite or not by *asking* whether it refers to past time: the matter has to be *determined* grammatically, not semantically.<\/p>\n","media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"submitAnswerButton":"Submit","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."}