{"branchingScenario":{"content":[{"type":{"library":"H5P.InteractiveVideo 1.26","params":{"interactiveVideo":{"video":{"startScreenOptions":{"title":"Interactive Video","hideStartTitle":false},"textTracks":{"videoTrack":[{"label":"Subtitles","kind":"subtitles","srcLang":"en"}]},"files":[{"path":"videos\/files-623f85185a4a1.mp4","mime":"video\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"assets":{"interactions":[{"x":15.894039735099339,"y":73.60406091370558,"width":10,"height":10,"duration":{"from":24.114,"to":29.114},"libraryTitle":"Link","action":{"library":"H5P.Link 1.3","params":{"linkWidget":{"protocol":"https:\/\/","url":"cfs.nrcan.gc.ca\/publications\/download-pdf\/26193"},"title":"Best forestry practices: A guide for the boreal forest in Ontario"},"subContentId":"a78d0275-033e-4d26-869d-631ed78d07ca","metadata":{"contentType":"Link","license":"U"}},"displayType":"poster","visuals":{"backgroundColor":"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)","boxShadow":true},"pause":true,"buttonOnMobile":false},{"x":47.81456953642384,"y":45.81218274111675,"width":10,"height":10,"duration":{"from":39.127,"to":40.126},"libraryTitle":"Multiple Choice","action":{"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

Harvesting<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

Site Preparation<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

Regeneration<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

Thinning and Tending<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

Roads and Water Crossings<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

Which chapters does this Branching Scenario cover?<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"100e8090-a0a7-4ffb-9517-96a3ede7c0dc","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Covered Chapters"}},"pause":true,"displayType":"button","buttonOnMobile":false,"adaptivity":{"correct":{"allowOptOut":false,"message":""},"wrong":{"allowOptOut":false,"message":""},"requireCompletion":true},"label":""},{"x":47.81456953642384,"y":45.81218274111675,"width":10,"height":10,"duration":{"from":79.14099999999999,"to":82.14099999999999},"libraryTitle":"True\/False Question","action":{"library":"H5P.TrueFalse 1.8","params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"correct":"true","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false},"l10n":{"trueText":"True","falseText":"False","score":"You got @score of @total points","checkAnswer":"Check","submitAnswer":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","wrongAnswerMessage":"Wrong answer","correctAnswerMessage":"Correct answer","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

I need to do go through this in order to get my assignment done with ease!<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"e9a283e0-5854-4743-9752-dfbb977ace42","metadata":{"contentType":"True\/False Question","license":"U","title":"Untitled True\/False Question"}},"pause":true,"displayType":"button","buttonOnMobile":false,"adaptivity":{"correct":{"allowOptOut":false,"message":""},"wrong":{"allowOptOut":false,"message":""},"requireCompletion":false},"label":"

Do I need to do this in order to get my assignment done with ease?<\/p>\n"}],"endscreens":[{"time":88.288,"label":"1:28 Submit screen"}]},"summary":{"task":{"library":"H5P.Summary 1.10","params":{"intro":"Choose the correct statement.","summaries":[{"subContentId":"43691eee-c5c9-40ef-8ad1-fa2b0f0b39de","tip":""}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"solvedLabel":"Progress:","scoreLabel":"Wrong answers:","resultLabel":"Your result","labelCorrect":"Correct.","labelIncorrect":"Incorrect! 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Harvesting-Regeneration Systems for the Boreal Forest in Ontario"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"title":"

There is more information on best practices for each stage of the forest stand management.<\/p>\n","subtitle":"

Check the Guide for more detailed information and recommendations.<\/p>\n"},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":2},{"type":{"library":"H5P.BranchingQuestion 1.0","params":{"branchingQuestion":{"alternatives":[{"nextContentId":3,"feedback":{"title":"","subtitle":""},"text":"Yes"},{"nextContentId":5,"feedback":{"title":"

Best practices for site preparation after harvesting<\/p>\n","subtitle":"

Assess harvesing operations quality and the resulting conditions and proceed to learning the best practices for site preparation after harvesting suitable for the given site.<\/p>\n"},"text":"No"}],"question":"

Is the original stand still standing?<\/p>\n"}},"metadata":{"contentType":"Branching Question","license":"U","title":"Harvesting-regeneration systems"},"subContentId":"2df68db8-70a3-4ba4-a5b7-6a429971fd69"},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural"},{"type":{"library":"H5P.BranchingQuestion 1.0","params":{"branchingQuestion":{"alternatives":[{"nextContentId":4,"feedback":{"title":"","subtitle":"

Get familiar with the General Principles of harevsting.<\/p>\n","image":{"path":"images\/image-623e556589b37.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":487,"height":189}},"text":"No"},{"nextContentId":7,"feedback":{"title":"","subtitle":"

Ensure proper implementation of the planned harvesting operation<\/p>\n"},"text":"Yes"}],"question":"

Has the harvest planning process started?<\/p>\n"}},"subContentId":"23029142-6a59-4a96-ad80-ba0d85d98ae7","metadata":{"contentType":"Branching Question","license":"U","title":"Untitled Branching Question"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural"},{"type":{"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#1d9931","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":87.6,"y":10.641163793103448},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-623e583b6313f.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720},"alt":"Image unavailable - try again","title":"Harvesting - general principles"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Harvesting - general principles"},"subContentId":"3636e6a1-03b0-447d-9fe8-21aad2d6353d"},{"params":{"text":"

\u2022 Base silviculture on knowledge of ecosystem structure and dynamics.<\/strong> Knowledge of stand structures, forest regeneration, successional pathways, and internal stand dynamics are the bases for understanding and choosing the most efficient methods of management (Kimmins 1997; Gordon et al. 2001).<\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Select an appropriate silvicultural system.<\/strong> The choice of silvicultural systems will depend on Forest Ecosystem Classification (FEC) site type, the ecosite, choice of species to manage, and kind of forest product desired. The two basic choices of system are clearcutting and partial cutting.<\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Consider stand condition, age, and wind stability<\/strong>. Timber characteristics - tree size, volume per hectare, and timber quality - affect equipment selection (MacDonald 1999). Overmature, dense stands of conifers are subject to windfall when forest edges and narrow strips are exposed.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"c865b979-6ffc-4e69-94e3-e219bd4c1b50"}]},{"position":{"x":19.6,"y":70.52262931034483},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-623e5d0a580f0.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720},"title":"Part 1 - Composition and Structure of the Next Stand","alt":"Image unavailable - try again"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Part 1 - Composition and Structure of the Next Stand"},"subContentId":"23076ed7-062a-49fb-8e05-fb5182dfe574"},{"params":{"text":"

\u2022 Select the most appropriate species\/ species-groups for sites<\/strong>.<\/strong> The potential for productivity is determined at the initial stage when the manager decides what species to regenerate or favor in tending. Often there is advance growth present, and this must be taken into account.<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Conserve natural regeneration and advance growth.<\/strong> Use harvesting methods and equipment that restrict equipment to parallel trails with maximum distance between trails. This will minimize disturbances to existing advance regeneration, as well as the ground surface and organic mat.<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Use careful logging around advance growth (CLAAG)<\/strong>.<\/strong> Careful logging around advance growth is restricting equipment to parallel logging trails, and logging in such a way as to preserve advance growth. It is done especially on black spruce peatlands but seems to be applied almost everywhere today.<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Use small area clearcuts and strip cuts<\/strong>.<\/strong> These techniques favor regeneration by natural seeding from adjacent forest leave areas. They also reduce exposure, desiccation, and runoff; provide diversity of habitats for flora and fauna, and provide landscape diversity.<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Consider partial harvesting techniques<\/strong>. <\/strong>Partial harvesting maintains some degree of cover on the site, reduces environmental impacts, and provides mixed forest structures, which add to biodiversity. Partial cutting and small area clearcuts are appropriate methods to protect sensitive sites.<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Avoid creating microclimatic extremes<\/strong>. <\/strong>Potential damage from frost is associated with basins and lowland flats. Dry sandy and gravelly soils, dune sands, and shallow soils over bedrock may become desiccated by exposure following clearcutting. Partial cutting and small area clearcuts give protection from wind and desiccation, and frost.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"5432de04-efa6-49c0-9725-67ef9adf5556"}]},{"position":{"x":31.2,"y":69.71443965517241},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-623e5d3f539d4.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720},"title":"Part 2 - Composition and Structure of the Next Stand","alt":"Image unavailable - try again"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Part 2 - Composition and Structure of the Next Stand"},"subContentId":"ea39f628-5a17-4fe1-825b-0b76df40c2ce"},{"params":{"text":"

\u2022 Leave dying trees, snags, and coarse woody debris<\/strong>.<\/strong> This practice conserves organic matter and nutrients and maintains biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Old living trees, snags, and downed rotting wood provide habitat and food for birds, mammals, insects, soil fauna and flora, and mycorrhizal unions with tree roots.<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Leave living vegetation on the site.<\/strong> Patches of uncut forest, partial cutting, seed trees or seed tree groups, advance growth, and understory vegetation shade soils and promote rapid recapture evapotranspiration and maintain root mats. It will promote rapid recovery to the original vegetation.<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 <\/strong>Manage compositional shifts<\/strong>. If the original species complement is not well suited to the site, the manager may decide to shift to another composition by selective tending or planting. For example, richer and deeper soils with intermediate moisture regimes may be better suited to mixedwoods or pure hardwoods (e.g., Smith and Crook 1996).<\/p>\n\n

\u2022 Manage changes in stand structure<\/strong>. Careful logging around regeneration may promote uneven-sized structures, which may lead to partial harvesting and promote uneven-sized management in the next rotation. Seed regeneration of jack pine and black spruce together will promote two-storied stand development. Partial harvesting in mixedwoods may move the stand along a number of pathways, depending on how much canopy is removed, and the species that are present(Smith and Crook 1996).<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"d8793935-018b-45d4-b578-be13f3652547"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-623e560c40028.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"subContentId":"4bf5f669-c9bc-437d-85f1-a39d83341de0","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Harvesting phase"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":8},{"type":{"library":"H5P.BranchingQuestion 1.0","params":{"branchingQuestion":{"alternatives":[{"nextContentId":9,"feedback":{"title":"

Get familiar with the general principles of site preparation - when, where, why, and how.<\/p>\n","subtitle":"

There are two extreme approaches to site preparation:
\n1) deep tillage to mix the organic with mineral soil, to provide optimum soil preparation, and optimum
\nstand growth and productivity, and<\/p>\n\n

2) no sitepreparation at all, preserve the advance growth, seed on or plant directly into the organic mat.<\/p>\n\n

These approaches complement, more or less, the two extreme levels of management intensity \u2013 intensive<\/strong> and extensive<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f11d5b9902.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"text":"No"},{"nextContentId":11,"feedback":{"title":"

Assess quality and goals of the completed site preparation and choose the site-specific regenration alternatives and techniques. <\/p>\n","subtitle":"

Get familiar with the features of regeneration<\/p>\n","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f12ae232f8.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":490,"height":337}},"text":"Yes"}],"question":"

Has any site preparation been done since harvesting the original stand?<\/p>\n"}},"subContentId":"b70e45ee-6c9b-4f4e-8d82-b4dbb85f0d36","metadata":{"contentType":"Branching Question","license":"U","title":"Untitled Branching Question"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural"},{"type":{"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":20.5375,"y":75.12931034482759},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

\n\t
Use equipment that provides optimal balance between operational and environmental criteria.<\/strong> Obtain appropriate sets of equipment \u2013 harvesters, forwarders \u2013 suited to different operational and environmental requirements.\n\t
\n\t\t
Some of the factors that affect equipment selection are:\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Potential site impacts\u2014ground pressure, rutting likelihood, residual tree damage;<\/li>\n\t\t\t
Terrain\u2014slope, ground profile, streams, wetlands, gullies, roughness;<\/li>\n\t\t\t
Soil\u2014texture, moisture content, bearing strength, erodability;<\/li>\n\t\t\t
Timber characteristics\u2014tree size, volume per hectare, timber quality, windfirmness;<\/li>\n\t\t\t
Business requirements\u2014worker safety, costs of operating, operating season, log specifications, service, transportation, purchase\/rental\/lease;<\/li>\n\t\t\t
Weather and climate\u2014hazardous working conditions, wind, deep snow;<\/li>\n\t\t\t
Silvicultural systems\u2014equipment maneuverability and size;<\/li>\n\t\t\t
Legislation, regulations, or permit requirements\u2014stump heights, breakage, forwarding distance, soil disturbance guidelines, other guidelines (e.g., MacDonald 1999).<\/li>\n\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
Obtain appropriate equipment for the site and timber<\/strong>. The general site and timber characteristics Best Forestry Practices must be examined, and the equipment fleet selected to suit those conditions. The time horizon, related to budget and capital amortization, is generally three to five years or longer for major capital purchases. Sometimes the equipment available is limited by budgets or other commitments. Hence, instead of asking \u201cWhat equipment is suited to this site?\u201d the question becomes, \u201cWhat site is available to use this equipment?\u201d (MacDonald 1999).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"0954630e-31bf-4332-a91c-34db191d439e"}]},{"position":{"x":55.7375,"y":73.46982758620689},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-623f1f056b99d.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720},"title":"Minimize windfall hazard","alt":"Image unavailable - try again."},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Minimize windfall hazard"},"subContentId":"707db8c7-af44-4985-b5b0-edf174803a09"},{"params":{"text":"
\u2022 Develop windfall management strategies.<\/strong> For all harvest operations where there are forest edges, and wherever trees are retained, as in partial cuts and thinning cuts, it is necessary to develop strategies to reduce risk of windfall (e.g., Fleming and Crossfield 1983; Navratil 1995).<\/p>\n\n
\u2022 Reduce windfall risk in partial cuts.<\/strong> Assessing windfall risk is complex, and depends on many factors including external stability, individual tree stability, and forest stand stability.<\/p>\n\n
\u2022 Reduce windfall risk by planning cut borders.<\/strong> Use topographic protection and design of logging boundaries to reduce risk. Leave straight boundaries with no sharp corners or indentations.<\/p>\n\n
\u2022 Reduce windfall risk by edge stabilization<\/strong>. Use treatments such as removing unsound or wind unstable trees, topping and pruning, and edge feathering. (Some of these may require OMNR approval.) Select windfirm trees for retention, such as the following: shorter trees in more open conditions, trees with small open crowns, good root anchorage, no root or butt rot, and relatively large taper, broadleaf species, deep-rooted conifers, and sound snags and well-rooted veterans.<\/p>\n\n
\u2022 Do not remove snags or windfall from management buffer zones<\/strong>. These provide valuable wildlife habitat and removal may cause more damage. Remove only if the habitat would be improved, or to reduce risk of insects, diseases, or destabilizing stream channels.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"09641c82-db0a-4350-9c64-8abf5149debf"}]},{"position":{"x":85.6,"y":66.79418103448276},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
\n\t
Carefully plan, establish, and maintain minimum landings<\/strong>. Limit the number and size of landings, and consider alternative sizes, shapes, and designs. Keep the area of landings and of continuous slash corridors along access roads as low as possible, e.g., to less than 5% of the harvest block. Locate landings as follows:\n\t
\n\t\t
on well-drained sites, preferably level or gently sloping, stable ground;<\/li>\n\t\t
where skidding will not cross drainageways and disrupt natural drainage;<\/li>\n\t\t
avoiding poorly drained soils where traffic will lead to excessive compaction, rutting, and puddling;<\/li>\n\t\t
outside and away from riparian zones;<\/li>\n\t\t
outside and away from wetlands, or on wetlands only during frozen conditions and with removal of logs\/slash before thaw.<\/li>\n\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
Restore landings and slash piles to productive forest.<\/strong> If using full-tree harvest, slash piles should be removed, either by burning, or by chipping for energy or redistribution onto site. Landings should be restored to forest by site preparation, seeding, or planting.<\/li>\n\t
Avoid practices that can result in erosion and large scale soil displacement.<\/strong> These disturbances will result in mass movement and nutrient losses, and degrade stream water quality. Avoid skidding on steep and unstable slopes. Align skid trails along contours to minimize speed of surface water runoff. Minimize long, straight skid trail stretches that will be prone to erosion. Monitor erosion and treat as required to minimize gullies.<\/li>\n\t
Avoid soil compaction.<\/strong> Be particularly careful with very fine sands, silts, and clays. Use low ground pressure (wide) tires or tracks. Use light equipment. Avoid multiple passes on harvesting trails. If there is risk of severe rutting or compaction close to landings, reduce the numbers of
\n\tpasses by shortening the maximum distance of forwarding, or carry out logging in winter on frozen ground or snow.<\/li>\n\t
Avoid rutting, churning, and drainage blockage.<\/strong> This is especially relevant in forested wetlands. Use low ground pressure equipment, avoid operations during spring thaw or very wet periods, and use culverts and temporary bridges over drainageways and wet pockets. This will reduce the risk of proliferation of sedges, cattails, and other competition caused by churning up richer peats and creating muddy surfaces, which are prime seedbeds.<\/li>\n\t
Operate equipment on snow or frozen soils.<\/strong> On wet mineral soils and peatlands, operating on snow will reduce soil rutting, churning, drainage blockage, and damage to advance growth. Compacting logging trail snow and allowing frost penetration will allow equipment operation with least damage to the soil. On shallow-soil landscapes and patterned sites with shallow sites alternating with peatlands, operating on snow will give the same benefits, and will reduce damage and physical displacement of the root\/organic mat and shallow soil.<\/li>\n\t
Consider changes to post-logging water table levels<\/strong>. Watering-up may occur in peatlands after harvesting. Where watering-up is extensive, consideration should be given to remedial drainage ditches to lower water tables, reduce drowning of advance growth, and permit regeneration activities.<\/li>\n\t
Stop logging operations during thaws, spring melt, and excessively wet periods.<\/strong> Logging should not occur during spring thaw when mineral soils are susceptible to severe rutting and compaction. Use of winter roads during spring thaws can lead to compaction, erosion, slumping, washouts, and sedimentation. As a rule of thumb, operations should stop in the spring when temperatures stay above 0\u00b0C for three nights in a row.<\/li>\n\t
Do not use lakes, streams, drainageways, or wetlands for log or brush piles.<\/strong> For winter logging areas, identify all streams, drainageways, and wetlands. Fine-scale mapping should include this level of detail. Log and brush crossings over streams or drainageways should be removed after harvesting.<\/li>\n\t
Keep harvesting equipment out of streams, drainageways, and open wetlands.<\/strong> Use long reach booms or cables for extraction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"fe1967ed-858d-4339-be94-d479b679105f"}]},{"position":{"x":23.200000000000003,"y":33.41056034482759},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Maintain slash on site whenever possible. <\/strong>A major concern expressed by ecologists has been that full-tree logging will remove nutrients and reduce the productivity of the next or future rotations. The main method to reduce nutrient losses is to employ tree-length harvesting, leaving slash on site near the stump, or as brush mats on the harvesting trails. There are advantages and disadvantages to leaving slash on site:<\/p>\n\n
Advantages of leaving slash on site<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Slash intercepts precipitation and slows runoff;<\/li>\n\t
It provides shade for seedlings and possibly limits competition;<\/li>\n\t
The foliage and fine branches provide a readily available source of nutrients for uptake by the vegetation and the juvenile stand;<\/li>\n\t
Slash provides organic material, which adds to the surface organics, and with decomposition and leaching, particulate and dissolved organic matter is incorporated into the underlying mineral soils;<\/li>\n\t
Organic matter in mineral soil is important to hold moisture and nutrients;<\/li>\n\t
Organic matter provides substrates for soil microorganisms and invertebrates, which play a critical role in recycling and making nutrients available;<\/li>\n\t
The retention of organic material at the surface protects mineral soils from \u201cweather\u201d effects
\n\t(e.g., frost heaving, crusting, surface erosion);<\/li>\n\t
Reductions in nutrient reserves and organic matter may impair tree nutrition, vigour, and resistance to insects and diseases;<\/li>\n\t
When equipment operates on a cushion of slash, soil compaction, soil exposure, and potential for erosion are reduced;<\/li>\n\t
Disposal of slash is not a problem.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
Disadvantages of leaving slash on site:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Heavy slash may damage or kill advance regeneration;<\/li>\n\t
Heavy slash may present problems for subsequent site preparation and regeneration;<\/li>\n\t
Slash may act as a lattice for rapid upward growth of Sphagnum in wetlands;<\/li>\n\t
Extra costs of introducing an alternate logging system or mixing the logging systems; changes in the system require changes to logging, hauling, and mill handling.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Manage the slash so that regeneration can still be accomplished.<\/strong> On more fertile sites, slash is often more abundant. Here preservation of nutrients and biomass is not critical, and full-tree logging can be used. On sites that are sensitive to nutrient loss, delimbing should take place at the stump leaving the slash there, or delimbing on the logging trails in front of the harvesting machine so that the slash can act as a brush mat to reduce compaction and rutting.<\/li>\n\t
Employ tree-length harvesting on sites with low nutrient reserves<\/strong>. Full-tree harvesting removes more nutrients and organic matter from the site than tree-length. Based on the research available, we recommend the use of tree-length harvest for the sites with the highest potential for losses of nutrients and\/or organic matter.These are the shallow-soil sites and dry
\n\tcoarse-soil sites. However, this must be balanced against the extra costs of having mixed logging systems.<\/li>\n\t
Set rotation periods appropriate to rates of replenishment.<\/strong> The time between harvests should be sufficient to replenish soil organic matter and nutrient supplies lost in biomass removals of the crop. Shortened rotations should definitely not be considered on nutrient-poor soils, and probably not on medium sites either.<\/li>\n\t
Plan harvests so that leaves fall off and remain on site. <\/strong>When possible, harvest in the dormant season and after leaf fall. During the growing season, if possible delay skidding to allow leaves to dry and fall on site. However, this may not be a practical option, because it is expensive to move equipment several times to and from the same site. Allowing trees to dry out may contribute to enhanced fire risk as well.<\/li>\n\t
Redistribute slash back onto site where nutrients may be limited.<\/strong> Roadside processing produces piles of branches, bark, twigs, needles, sawdust, etc. that provide poor seedbeds. The land covered with debris should be restored. Woody debris could be chipped, and along with other fine debris, redistributed back onto the site. However, this may not be a practical or economic option. More research is required to demonstrate the benefits.<\/li>\n\t
Burn or remove the slash and logging waste.<\/strong> The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2001) suggests burning roadside slash\/chipping waste where it cannot be redistributed. There are other possibilities for slash: leaving as piles on site for erosion protection or biodiversity habitat; as fuel for co-generation plants; and as material for composting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"327e46c7-6d0e-4a7f-b5c9-c0e74093b844"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f1d59db843.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"subContentId":"c8911de5-f123-4c53-882c-5cb315aea1a0","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Carry out the harvesting operation"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":15},{"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Forge a good relationship with the harvesting contracor\/s, their equipment complement and preferred harvesting techniques - those will be crucial in carrying out a proper stand harvesting operation and achieve the overall forest managemernt goals.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"e220222a-8312-4042-83c6-2e242425122e","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Harvesting contractor"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":6},{"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Now that we understand the general principles and stand management goals and considerations, let's delve into planning the actual harvesting operation. In most areas in Canada, it is carried out by harvesting contractors. Find out the harvesting contractor options you have in the region where your stand is located and start planning ahead.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d976c6ce-78b6-4b89-96b2-884a39bd9bbc","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Carry out the harvesting operation"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":7},{"type":{"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":79.60000000000001,"y":29.951508620689655},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
\n\t
Site preparation should be prescribed for each ecosite type and stand condition.<\/strong> Objectives for site preparation should be defined on the basis of ecosite and forest stand condition. It is not appropriate to apply one technique universally across the landscape.<\/li>\n\t
Select methods that accomplish the objectives with minimum disturbance and cost<\/strong>. In general, apply just enough disturbance to achieve good survival and growth of seedlings (Hallsby 1994). For extensive or basic management levels, use low to moderate impact mechanical techniques for limited disturbance. For intensive forestry on more fertile sites, higher mineral-organic mixing may be warranted, but watch for rapid vegetational regrowth.<\/li>\n\t
Minimize disturbance to minimize competition.<\/strong> In fertile sites vegetation regrowth can be rapid and luxuriant, and competition with crop trees may be high. Use patch scarification or mounding (Holg\u00e9n and H\u00e5nell 2000) to elevate seedlings above competition. Regenerate as soon as possible after harvest, use large nursery stock, apply herbicides or manual tending if necessary.<\/li>\n\t
Minimize disturbance to the organic mat (forest floor). <\/strong>The overriding principle should be to maintain as much of the forest floor and organic mat on site as possible. This will reduce mineralization and loss of nutrients and organic matter, maintain moisture, and provide habitat for numerous microorganisms, invertebrates, and fauna. It is advantageous to leave residual trees and living vegetation to maintain living mycorrhizal associations, thereby sustaining nutrient cycling (e.g., Maser 1988; Perry et al. 1989).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"68a5297e-d394-42a8-a3bf-d724a12ecc3e"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f30234649c.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"subContentId":"e5930032-aeed-44d2-a40f-42ef3ec12498","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Site Preparation Phase"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":10},{"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
There are two extreme approaches to site preparation:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
deep tillage to mix the organic with mineral soil, to provide optimum soil preparation, and optimum stand growth and productivity, and<\/li>\n\t
no site preparation at all, preserve the advance growth, seed on or plant directly into the organic mat.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
These approaches complement, more or less, the two extreme levels of management intensity \u2013 intensive<\/em><\/strong> and extensive<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n"},"metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Assess quality and goals of completed site preparation and plan ahead based on that assessment."},"subContentId":"f5cb6d62-3470-459f-adaf-9cc0608836fa"},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":12},{"type":{"library":"H5P.BranchingQuestion 1.0","params":{"branchingQuestion":{"alternatives":[{"nextContentId":16,"feedback":{"title":"
Regeneration Phase<\/p>\n","subtitle":"
The forest manager must consider regeneration as part of a complete system of planning, road building, harvesting, site preparation, regeneration, and tending. Without prior planning and integration, many renewal alternatives will be unavailable, especially if one waits until after the trees are harvested. If early establishment and growth of the seedling plantation is reduced by poor practices or other constraints, this may reduce the growth of the plantation for years or even decades. Unfavorable influences on the early establishment and growth of plantations can reduce the mean annual increment, lengthen the rotation, and reduce the quality of the wood products. A comprehensive treatment on all aspects of regeneration in Ontario has recently been published (Wagner and Colombo 2001).<\/p>\n","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f336137e0e.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":490,"height":337}},"text":"No"},{"nextContentId":20,"feedback":{"title":"
Assess the quality of regeneration and plan ahead for stand tending and thinning.<\/p>\n","subtitle":"
Tending and thinning operations are intended to increase the size and quality of the stems, by regulating the density and degree of intra- and interspecific competition. The tending and thinning operations are weeding and spacing, precommercial thinning, commercial thinning, and pest management measures.<\/p>\n"},"text":"Yes"}],"question":"
Is the site stocked with suitable regeneration?<\/p>\n"}},"subContentId":"87ec0431-2e4c-4b3f-abc2-f2dee71794d1","metadata":{"contentType":"Branching Question","license":"U","title":"Regeneration Phase"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural"},{"type":{"library":"H5P.BranchingQuestion 1.0","params":{"branchingQuestion":{"alternatives":[{"nextContentId":13,"feedback":{"title":"
Intensive Forest Management<\/p>\n","subtitle":""},"text":"Intensive"},{"nextContentId":14,"feedback":{"title":"
Extensive and Basic Forest Management<\/p>\n","subtitle":""},"text":"Extensive"}],"question":"
Is the site set for INTENSIVE or EXTENSIVE management?<\/p>\n"}},"subContentId":"1eb56a8e-af87-4532-916c-6c08f1adb9d6","metadata":{"contentType":"Branching Question","license":"U","title":"Management Intensity"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural"},{"type":{"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":30.4,"y":56.158405172413794},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Handle chemicals and fertilizers carefully to avoid pollution. Do not store, mix, or rinse containers with these substances below the high-water mark of adjacent water bodies.<\/strong> The following practices should apply:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
know and comply with regulations governing hazardous substances;<\/li>\n\t
do not transport, handle, store, load, apply, or dispose of any hazardous substance in lakes, streams or other water bodies;<\/li>\n\t
develop an emergency clean-up plan for hazardous substance spills.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
Fertilization<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Fertilize to replace nutrient losses.<\/strong> Site fertility may be maintained or improved by amendments and fertilizers (Morrison and Foster 1995). Applications of inorganic fertilizers, chipped slash and needles, wood ash, and sewage water\/pellets are all methods to replace lost nutrients and organic matter (when present). However, these intensive solutions may have unexpected side effects and may not be economical. Note that the Class Environmental Assessment by the MNR for Timber Management in Ontario (Environmental Assessment Board [Ontario] 1994) did not endorse the use of fertilizer for forest management. Consequently, this practice may not be freely undertaken within the Province except as part of an approved research project.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Chemical Vegetation Control<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Apply knowledge from the literature and recommendations from guides<\/strong> (e.g., Ontario Weed Committee 1995; Wagner and Thomson 1998). Reduce potential for competition by canopy maintenance, low disturbance of forest floor and soil. Consult experts in environmental effects and best practices for application.<\/li>\n\t
Apply herbicides to control competition<\/strong>. Herbicides are most often required on fertile deep soils where vegetational regrowth is luxuriant after harvesting and\/or site preparation. Broadcast methods should be applied with care and constraint. Selective treatment of target competitors is preferred. Seven herbicide chemicals and 21 herbicide products are registered for forestry
\n\tuse in Ontario (Campbell 1991; McLaughlan et al. 1996). <\/li>\n\t
Apply herbicides prior to prescribed burn or mechanical site preparation.<\/strong> This guideline is applicable to backlog or failure sites where competition has gotten out of control, which emphasizes the need for prompt regeneration operations.<\/li>\n\t
Do not apply herbicides near human settlements, recreation areas, or water sources.<\/strong> Take into account the potential movements of herbicides and pesticides in the environment. Consider runoff into streams, deep leaching into aquifers, berry and mushroom collecting areas, camping areas, etc.<\/li>\n\t
Follow all relevant precautions and regulations regarding safe handling and spill management<\/strong> (Health and Welfare Canada 1986; Ontario Ministry of Enviroment 1990; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1991b).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"47bfb169-4305-4678-83e6-81ec24261841"}]},{"position":{"x":73.6,"y":53.80926724137931},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Mechanical:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Employ intensive soil cultivation only to fertile and deep soils<\/strong>. Intensive site preparation includes blading, deep plowing or tillage, mounding, and bedding. On deep, very fertile soils intensive tillage may improve temperature, nutrient and moisture conditions, soil structure, and plant growth. Mixing surface organics with underlying mineral soils distributes soil organisms throughout the upper horizon of soil, and may reduce root decay infections. However, radical scarification is not recommended on poor sites where the nutrient or carbon reserves are low and where slash is a major contributor to the site\u2019s total nitrogen.<\/li>\n\t
Employ forest drainage in wetlands and peatlands<\/strong>. Forest drainage is a well established method of site improvement to increase tree growth. The main effect of drainage is to increase the thickness of the surface aerated horizon so that tree roots have access to a greater depth of aerated soil, and more available nutrients (e.g., Jeglum et al. 1983; Jeglum and Overend 1991). Note that the Class Environmental Assessment by the MNR for Timber Management in Ontario (Environmental Assessment Board [Ontario] 1994) did not endorse the use of drainage for forest management. Consequently, this practice may not be freely undertaken within the Province except as part of an approved research project.<\/em><\/li>\n\t
Employ mounding in moist mineral soils and rich wetlands.<\/strong> Mounding is an effective site preparation technique that provides aeration to soils and elevates planted seedlings above competition (Sutton 1991; Holg\u00e9n and H\u00e5nell 2000). Mounding may be conducted on upland
\n\tand wetlands. In wetlands it may be done simultaneously with drainage, using the spoil from the ditches as mounds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"a4f43b60-66e2-4af8-9482-42e919296f6c"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f36dc8c9e7.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"subContentId":"1c1c6370-5dbd-43e1-b26c-495ed99378ad","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Intensive Forest Management"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":16},{"type":{"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":32.4,"y":56.84806034482759},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Using heavy equipment:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Select mechanical scarifiers that provide just enough disturbance for the lowest cost<\/strong>. Examples are row trenchers and patch scarifiers, which are used to expose mineral soil, and do some mounding and mixing of organic with mineral soils. Soil exposure and mixing will improve soil moisture and temperature, and accelerate rates of decomposition and nutrient release.<\/li>\n\t
Use the harvesters and forwarders to site prepare.<\/strong> The manager should take advantage of the harvesting equipment if possible to create good seedbeds for seed germination, or good planting microsites. Seeders have been developed that deposit a few seeds at the stump each time a stem is cut by a feller-buncher (Tembec-Spruce Falls).<\/li>\n\t
Do not blade on sensitive sites.<\/strong> Blading off the organic mat and upper mineral horizons removes stores of organic matter and nutrients, and soil microorganisms and invertebrates important for nutrient cycling. Exposing the mineral soil increases surface temperatures, mineralization, leaching, and impact of raindrops and soil erosion. Blading may actually promote seedling growth in the early years on some sites, such as coarse to medium soils with sufficient moisture. However, blading of clays, silts, or very fine sands may expose the soil to baking and cracking, reduce growth, and increase frost heaving.<\/li>\n\t
Apply shearblading in cutover peatlands and non-stoney, wet to moist soils.<\/strong> Shearblading is conducted in the winter with a bulldozer equipped with a very sharp horizontal blade, shearing off the tops of mounds, aligning the slash, and creating corridors for planting or seeding. Sites that require this have low amounts of advance growth, or higher amounts of undesirable crop trees (e.g., balsam fir, white birch). With some black spruce regeneration, shearblading lines should be spaced widely; however, they should be more narrowly spaced where there is more fir, birch, and aspen on shallower peats.<\/li>\n\t
Minimize site preparation on slopes.<\/strong> The risk of erosion increases with increasing steepness of slopes and with increasing exposure of mineral soil. On steeper terrain, prescribed burning, contour disc trenching, or intermittent patch scarification is preferred. If furrowing up and down slopes, interrupt the furrows to slow runoff and prevent gullying. Use only the minimum site preparation to achieve the regeneration goals. On steeper slopes, consider no site preparation and planting directly into the organic mat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"f6ce2937-cade-48c1-808f-2898acc35cc8"}]},{"position":{"x":73.2,"y":56.56788793103448},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Act delicately:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Be aware of potential species shifts.<\/strong> CLAAG tends to encourage balsam fir and trembling aspen. Balsam fir is not a desirable crop tree, whereas on certain sites and in certain areas, trembling aspen can be. The manager has to decide if site preparation is required to maintain the forest unit in the desired crop species.<\/li>\n\t
Avoid site preparation where there is abundant advance regeneration.<\/strong> Apply selective site preparation to areas where there is limited advance regeneration. Use specialized hand scarifiers or develop special mobile equipment.<\/li>\n\t
On sensitive sites, site prepare delicately or not at all.<\/strong> Site preparation on mineral soils will promote increased exposure and drying, erosion, and\/or nutrient losses depending on the site. On wetlands, site preparation should not destroy existing advance growth, and should not go deeply into the surface peat.<\/li>\n\t
On sensitive mineral soil sites, prescribe burn at low to moderate intensities or not at all<\/strong>. Sites include very dry, sandy coarse soils, and shallow soils over bedrock. Prescribed burning will promote exposure, erosion, and nutrient losses. On wetlands, prescribed burning will destroy advance growth, and may start long-lasting peat fires.<\/li>\n\t
Retain advance growth and vegetation on site.<\/strong> Advance growth, unmerchantable (but not poor-quality) trees, and understory vegetation should be left on site, to maintain rhizospheres and promote uptake of released nutrients following harvesting and site preparation. Retention of the organic mat and ground cover also reduces the risk of soil loss on steep or easily eroded soils.<\/li>\n\t
Use prescribed burns on intermediate to rich soils with heavy slash or thick organic layers.<\/strong> Prescribed burning may be useful to reduce heavy slash and competition, liberate nutrients, provide warmer soils, create receptive seedbed, and stimulate seedling growth. Burning may reduce competition, and also may reduce disease and insect incidence. On the other hand, burning destroys existing advance regeneration, and there is a danger that the fire can get out of hand and remove too much organic matter, or create long-lasting peat fires (Weber and Taylor 1992). Chemical site preparation may be done to kill or brown vegetation just prior to a prescribed burn. Use appropriate guides to prescribed burning (e.g., Wearn et al. 1982).<\/li>\n\t
Avoid prescribed burning on sensitive sites.<\/strong> Where site fertility is low, organic matter and nutrients should be conserved on site. Intense prescribed burns may remove high amounts of N, reduce the organic mat, expose mineral soil to erosion, and reduce the productive capacity of the site. Even minor reductions in soil organic matter may reduce soil moisture and nutrient retention in poor sites. However, on slightly less poor sites, jack pine may be managed best through appropriate prescribed burning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"e648ecc7-eb19-4f19-967e-24f03c1fefd2"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f3bf3b0943.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"subContentId":"d5507220-c8ad-4fc8-bcb6-3d754d61f620","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Extensive and Basic Forest Management"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":16},{"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Now that our harvesting operations are complete, we are ready to move on to the Site Preparation Phase.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"33ffc4e6-f5d8-4374-9f1f-4686166980db","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Harvesting Phase complete."}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":9},{"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
GENERAL PRINCIPLES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Regenerate promptly.<\/strong> This is done to give seedlings a head start over development of excessive vegetational competition, and to reestablish connections of mycorrhizal fungi with roots before fungal populations diminish too much.<\/li>\n\t
Assess regeneration success in a timely manner.<\/strong> Determine if the regeneration has been successful, if additional regeneration treatment is required, and if spacing or competition control is necessary.<\/li>\n\t
Regenerate by planting for basic forestry<\/strong> when there is significant potential of high competition, good potential site productivity, or sites near the mill. Nursery seedlings grow faster initially and reach rotation faster than seed-origin seedlings.<\/li>\n\t
Use natural regeneration for extensive forestry.<\/strong> Regenerate using advance growth, aerial seeding, mechanical row seeding, seed spotting, or scarification\/seed-from-slash. These seeding methods are appropriate for sites with low potential for competition, and sites far from the mill.<\/li>\n\t
Take tree silvics and ecology into account.<\/strong> It is essential to understand the silvics and ecology and choose the right species for the site. One must consider the responses and tolerances of species to primary environmental regimes, their rooting habits, rates of growth, susceptibility to frost, insects, and diseases, etc.<\/li>\n\t
Match species to site<\/strong>. As a general rule, replace the stands being harvested with similar stands. However, changes in working group may be warranted if certain species are better adapted than the previous dominant. For example, one may shift towards jack pine for poor, coarse-soil sites, and towards black spruce for organic soils and wet mineral soils. Species with more demanding nutritional requirements, such as white spruce, trembling aspen and white birch, should be favored on more fertile sites.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"subContentId":"305edc3f-2d6c-40e0-960e-84d8d2a292f0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Regeneration Phase"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":17},{"type":{"library":"H5P.BranchingQuestion 1.0","params":{"branchingQuestion":{"alternatives":[{"nextContentId":18,"feedback":{"title":"
Let's learn about the specifics of natural regeneration and seeding.<\/p>\n","subtitle":""},"text":"Natural Regeneration and Seeding"},{"nextContentId":19,"feedback":{"title":"
Best practices for planting.<\/p>\n","subtitle":""},"text":"Planting"}],"question":"
What regeneration option is more suitable for this site?<\/p>\n"}},"subContentId":"4e6d2fce-069c-4c21-869d-2b296979e1bf","metadata":{"contentType":"Branching Question","license":"U","title":"Regeneration options"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural"},{"type":{"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":72.8,"y":53.39978448275862},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Seeding<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Use small area clearcuts including strip cuts for natural regeneration by seed<\/strong> (Jeglum and Kennington 1993). Natural seeding by black spruce and other species is a large regenerative force that should not be ignored. By using small area clearcuts, the seeding in from adjacent forests is used, and the small areas provide protection from exposure and increased probability of seed germination and establishment.<\/li>\n\t
Site prepare as soon as possible after harvesting to provide receptive seedbed.<\/strong> Provide enough receptive seedbed to achieve fully acceptable stocking levels. It is important to take advantage of the natural seedfall as early as possible to provide a head start for seedlings.<\/li>\n\t
Use the scarification, seed-from-cones-in-slash method for jack pine.<\/strong> If stem-only harvesting is done with delimbing on the site, cone-containing slash is left on site. This is followed by site preparation to provide seedbed for seeds coming from cones. However, if there is heavy slash it can interfere with site preparation. Manual redistribution of cone-bearing branches onto scarified surfaces can improve the catch of seedlings. The method is not recommended for black spruce, because dense cone-bearing tops directly on the ground often tend to smother and inhibit seed germination. (However, manual placement of individual cones on receptive seedbeds may be effective.<\/li>\n\t
Use seed from residual trees and seed-tree groups.<\/strong> Circular seed-tree groups of black spruce, about 10 to 15 m in diameter and 100 m apart, can be left to provide seed. However, the regeneration gain from the seed trees is probably small (e.g., 5-10%), and the technique is regarded as only supplemental to the main regeneration technique being used, such as careful logging or direct seeding. If advance growth is mimimal, site preparation should be conducted around the seed tree groups.<\/li>\n\t
Use direct seeding techniques.<\/strong> Direct seeding, if conducted with the right techniques, can be an excellent, cost-effective method to regenerate jack pine (Adams et al. In prep.). Direct seeding of black spruce gives variable results. Some have suggested mixing black spruce and jack pine seed, and managing the resulting stand with twostoried management.<\/li>\n\t
Monitor the establishment of seedlings.<\/strong> Seedbeds \u2018mature\u2019 and become less receptive with time. If adequate levels of seed-origin regeneration are not achieved by year five, probably little additional natural regeneration will take place.<\/li>\n\t
Conduct selective spot seeding\/fill planting<\/strong>. If adequate regeneration is not achieved, with too many unregenerated gaps, steps must be taken to seed or fill plant in the gaps, or to conduct a full regeneration operation again.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"1e5b3868-05b5-4a06-b287-94b1cb7e7713"}]},{"position":{"x":27.200000000000003,"y":55.8782327586207},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
\u201c\u2026alternatives to high cost systems require planning and effort from the forest manager prior to harvest \u2014 not just after the timber is cut<\/strong>.\u201d (Ezell 1990)<\/p>\n\n
Natural regeneration and seeding are cheaper than planting, but they are not free. There is increased managerial effort in evaluation, planning, and supervision. There are also other costs such as weeding, spacing, and thinning, a possible need for fill planting or a second regeneration operation, and longer rotations. Finally, with natural regeneration one foregoes the opportunity to use genetically improved seedlings or better stock types than those naturally occurring.<\/p>\n\n
Natural Regeneration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Use natural regenerative forces<\/strong> to minimize costs for raising, planting, and tending seedlings. If the regeneration comes naturally, it makes sense to use it.<\/li>\n\t
Utilize advance growth for regeneration whenever possible<\/strong>. Careful logging around advance growth is an acknowledged technique in peatland forests where there is abundant advance regeneration. Preservation of existing seedlings and unmerchantable trees is desirable for providing some or all of the next rotation individuals. This will also maintain existing genetic stock on the site.<\/li>\n\t
Match silvicultural system to species.<\/strong> For natural regeneration, the harvesting-regeneration system should be selected to fit the species that are chosen for management. Table 7-1 shows preferences for species for some natural regeneration systems, as
\n\trelated especially to shade tolerance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"3ab08e02-e8da-4589-b476-7e0145f690ee"},{"params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-623f73b98eccd.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":490,"height":337},"alt":"Image unavailable - try again."},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Natural Regeneration"},"subContentId":"1079e416-0913-46c3-97d0-cb5663cfa6d8"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f743669004.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"subContentId":"5c59ed98-9cd4-4f15-90d0-98a4efc8ac2b","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Natural Regeneration and Seeding"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":"","title":"
Once the site is suitably stocked and established, it is time to look ahead to tending the stand.<\/p>\n"},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":20},{"type":{"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":26.8,"y":54.779094827586206},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
\u201c\u2026without active regeneration efforts, we have no control over what species will occupy the site or how long it may take for trees to cover the site<\/strong>.\u201d (Ezell 1990)<\/p>\n\n

\nBy planting, the manager has control over the species, stock type and quality, and spacing, and provides the seedlings a head-start over competition with potentially shorter rotation. As well, the manager has the option to use improved stock. Sutton (e.g., 1990, 1991) has conducted extensive research into both stock quality and planting methods. A symposium on seedling quality and grading was held in Ontario (Colombo and Noland 1997). A major compilation on regeneration in Ontario, including all aspects of growing and planting seedlings,
\nhas recently been published (e.g., Wagner and Colombo 2001).<\/p>\n\n
The stock:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Plant quality stock in good physiological condition.<\/strong> Evaluation of stock quality is a key component of any planting program (IUFRO 1980; Sutton 1990). Seedlings should be in good physiological condition when they are planted, e.g., with high \u201croot growth capacity\u201d (Sutton 1991), good moisture contents, and appropriate \u201cnutrient loadings\u201d (Timmer 1997).<\/li>\n\t
Select the right provenance.<\/strong> Follow the best knowledge and practices for selecting seed from the correct seed zone (e.g., Joyce and White 2002, Seed Zones of Ontario Web Site). Genetic diversity and provenance (locality of origin) of trees will influence seedling performance and ultimately forest productivity.<\/li>\n\t
Use improved trees, but also maintain natural genetic diversity.<\/strong> Black spruce is highly variable and tree improvement programs in Ontario have produced superior seed and clonal stock. At the same time consideration should be given to maintaining genetic diversity, possibly by designating certain forests for natural regeneration systems within ecoregions and ecodistricts (e.g., Joyce 1994).<\/li>\n\t
Maintain broadleaf content.<\/strong> When partial harvesting is conducted, or when advance growth is being used, some broadleaf trees, such as aspen and birch, could be maintained to keep full stocking. In addition, maintaining some broadleaf content will promote biodiversity of other organisms that use broadleaf trees.<\/li>\n\t
Consider alternating broadleaf and conifer crops.<\/strong> The broadleaf trees will improve the nutrition of the site by one or more factors:\n\t
\n\t\t
the pumping effect of Ca and other cations owing to deeper penetrating roots; <\/li>\n\t\t
enrichment of the litterfall by the broad leaves which have higher concentrations of nutrients than spruce and pine;<\/li>\n\t\t
the greater penetration of light and heat to the forest floor, which will promote higher nutrient cycling rates and higher productivity.<\/li>\n\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"44166985-244a-481a-9c14-f221f26b0276"}]},{"position":{"x":76,"y":55.8782327586207},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
The Action Plan:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Regenerate as soon as possible after harvesting and site preparation<\/strong> to utilize the nutrient release effects, mimimize the influence of competition, and shorten the rotation. When heavy competition is anticipated, as on richer FEC types, plant large stock, especially for black spruce and white spruce. Smaller stock may be sufficient on medium to poor sites.<\/li>\n\t
Plant seedlings as soon as possible after they are lifted from the nursery or taken from cold storage<\/strong> (Paterson et al. 2001). Allowing seedlings to sit for days or weeks before planting is poor practice, owing to problems with too early flushing of buds and root development, and possible dessication.<\/li>\n\t
Plant into optimum seedbeds that are conducive to seedling establishment.<\/strong> Optimum seedbeds will minimize moisture stress, and optimize temperature, nutrient supply, soil aeration, and organicmineral mixing. A large body of literature deals with creating optimum seedbeds and correct placement of seedlings (e.g., Sutton 1991; Sutherland and Foreman 1995).<\/li>\n\t
Consider planting into duff with no site preparation.<\/strong> Some studies in midboreal conditions in northern Sweden, for example, have shown that planting directly into the duff, with no site preparation, gives good survival and growth (Hagner and Molin 1998). Terminal shoot lengths
\n\tof Norway spruce 3 years after planting were not significantly different among treatments\u2014no treatment, humus over mineral, humus-mineral mix, and mineral (Hallsby 1994).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"02faaa2b-b9e9-42ce-8771-d0fa8d523d92"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f756083b9e.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"subContentId":"bd8c8198-dd73-412a-bee6-a4e07201f50e","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Tree planting"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":"","title":"
Once the site is suitable stocked and established, tending the stand comes next.<\/p>\n"},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":20},{"type":{"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":50.4,"y":34.779094827586206},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Weeding, Spacing, and Precommercial Thinning<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Conduct weeding operations.<\/strong> Delays in control of competition can result in reduced seedling growth and significant volume slowdowns early in the stand development, but this depends on how dense the young stand is. Herbicide applications, motorized brush saws, and brush axes are used to remove competition and to select and space good quality crop trees.<\/li>\n\t
Conduct spacing or precommercial thinning.<\/strong> Depending on the value of and demand for sawlogs, and the site quality, the manager may decide to conduct a precommercial thinning in juvenile stands that are too dense. Regenerating areas should be assessed for density and clumping of the crop trees. Some crowding may be good for early stand development, to lengthen internodes, reduce branch size, and promote self-pruning. With jack pine, developing appropriate spacing and thinning guides involves questions of desired wood quality and intended product, e.g., lumber versus pulpwood. Barbour et al. (1994) found that as spacing increased from 1.7 to 2.6 to 3.4 m, the density of the wood decreased. In addition, branches became larger, knots increased, and trees tended to develop poorer forms. Barbour (1991) cited studies suggesting that the best stem quality resulted from natural regeneration or direct seeding followed by precommercial thinning, and that delaying thinning until after crown closure minimizes branch size in the lower stem.<\/li>\n\t
Leave some protection against frost.<\/strong> In lowlands and potential frost pockets, leave some taller sheltering trees or broadleaf saplings for protection of seedlings from late spring frost. This is most important for white spruce.<\/li>\n\t
Follow literature and guides that are available<\/strong> (e.g., Smith and Brown 1984; Haavisto et al. 1991; Newton 1997; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1998).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"c3295e75-4263-47b5-a6c4-dad15958f470"}]},{"position":{"x":16.8,"y":60.705818965517246},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Vegetation Management<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
Handle chemicals and fertilizers carefully to avoid pollution. Do not store, mix, or rinse containers with these substances below the high-water mark of adjacent water bodies.<\/strong> The following practices should apply:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
know and comply with regulations governing hazardous substances;<\/li>\n\t
do not transport, handle, store, load, apply, or dispose of any hazardous substance in lakes, streams or other water bodies;<\/li>\n\t
develop an emergency clean-up plan for hazardous substance spills.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\n\t
Apply knowledge from the literature and recommendations from guides<\/strong> (e.g., Ontario Weed Committee 1995; Wagner and Thomson 1998). Reduce potential for competition by canopy maintenance, low disturbance of forest floor and soil. Consult experts in environmental effects and best practices for application.<\/li>\n\t
Apply herbicides to control competition<\/strong>. Herbicides are most often required on fertile deep soils where vegetational regrowth is luxuriant after harvesting and\/or site preparation. Broadcast methods should be applied with care and constraint. Selective treatment of target competitors is preferred. Seven herbicide chemicals and 21 herbicide products are registered for forestry
\n\tuse in Ontario (Campbell 1991; McLaughlan et al. 1996). <\/li>\n\t
Apply herbicides prior to prescribed burn or mechanical site preparation.<\/strong> This guideline is applicable to backlog or failure sites where competition has gotten out of control, which emphasizes the need for prompt regeneration operations.<\/li>\n\t
Do not apply herbicides near human settlements, recreation areas, or water sources.<\/strong> Take into account the potential movements of herbicides and pesticides in the environment. Consider runoff into streams, deep leaching into aquifers, berry and mushroom collecting areas, camping areas, etc.<\/li>\n\t
Follow all relevant precautions and regulations regarding safe handling and spill management<\/strong> (Health and Welfare Canada 1986; Ontario Ministry of Enviroment 1990; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1991b).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"a00496dc-2ca7-4bdd-b0a2-f72fef77f7f5"}]},{"position":{"x":83.2,"y":67.32219827586206},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Commercial Thinning and Density Management<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Conduct commercial thinning and manage stand density.<\/strong> To increase site productivity use thinning and density management guides for the major crop species (e.g., Haavisto et al. 1991; Smith 1996; Newton 1997; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1998; Figure 8-3). Selective thinning and low thinning are used for producing sawlogs. For black spruce, selective thinnings from above and uneven-aged management might be appropriate for producing pulpwood (MacDonell and Groot 1996; Groot 1997).<\/li>\n\t
Conduct thinnings so as to minimize disturbances and maintain wind stability.<\/strong> To minimize potential for windfall, crown thinning with low amounts of removal may be most appropriate. This practice may be most relevant to sensitive sites for which uneven-aged management and continuous cover forestry would give protection and stability. Remove no more than 30% of the stand basal area per cut, uniformly distributed within the stand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Pest Management Measure<\/strong>s<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Monitor plantations for potential insect and disease infestations.<\/strong> The Great Lakes Forestry Centre Forest Health Monitoring Unit (Canadian Forest Service) and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources have monitored forest tree pests for many years and accumulated a large knowledge base (e.g., Whitney 1988; Myren and Laflamme 1994; Armstrong and Ives 1995).<\/li>\n\t
Apply chemical or biological controls for insect outbreaks.<\/strong> The main spraying programs are for eastern spruce budworm (balsam fir and white spruce) and jack pine budworm. Other significant insect pests are gypsy moth and forest tent caterpillar. Follow provincial spraying guides and practices (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1991b) or contact the Forest Health and Silviculture Section, OMNR, for detailed information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"285f7961-74c3-4428-8446-015ba4d9b08c"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-623f7ae8e78d6.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1280,"height":720}},"subContentId":"3a129dd0-1d70-4ddf-bc08-939d183a2816","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Thinning and Tending Phase"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":21},{"type":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","params":{"visuals":{"fit":false,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"videos\/sources-623f890f4d1d7.mp4","mime":"video\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"5d9287ea-a3c1-435b-ab5a-5bb14f16740f","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Summary and Conclusion"}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":22},{"type":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
You should have sufficient knowledge on harvesting-regeneration systems for the boreal forest of Ontario by now and present the plan on your assigned site. If not - proceed to the beginning to refresh your memory!<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"6fcd0649-44ae-4273-82fb-45aee1b58111","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Equipped with knowledge on harvesting-regeneration systems for the boreal forest of Ontario."}},"showContentTitle":false,"forceContentFinished":"useBehavioural","feedback":{"subtitle":""},"contentBehaviour":"useBehavioural","nextContentId":0}],"endScreens":[{"endScreenTitle":"","endScreenSubtitle":"","contentId":-1,"endScreenScore":0}],"scoringOptionGroup":{"scoringOption":"no-score","includeInteractionsScores":true},"startScreen":{"startScreenTitle":"","startScreenSubtitle":""},"behaviour":{"enableBackwardsNavigation":false,"forceContentFinished":false},"l10n":{"startScreenButtonText":"Start the course","endScreenButtonText":"Restart the course","backButtonText":"Back","disableProceedButtonText":"Require to complete the current module","replayButtonText":"Replay the video","scoreText":"Your score:","fullscreenAria":"Fullscreen"}}}