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In this course presentation we will investigate Chappe's optical telegraph.<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"1674ef4b-51ee-49c0-8207-f15d1097d00a","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":30.82832277939024,"height":99.01792224392617,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

The Beam Telegraph<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nIn 1793, Claude CHAPPE introduced to France an optical telegraph which could transfer complex messages over long distances. The first telegraph line went from Paris to Lille, using 23 interstations to bridge roughly 270 kilometres. Each interstation had to constantly observe the two neighbouring<\/span><\/span> interstations with a telescope and read and pass on received signals.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

System had two weaknesses:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> the operators had to be very disciplined and efficient and the system could not operate at night or in inclement weather (on average it worked only six hours a day in summer and 3 in winter)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

Headrick, When Information came of Age<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d24cd5f0-943a-4918-9882-4b84af87e16a","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":14.843266523410115,"y":92.92590286987668,"width":14.843266523410115,"height":6.751221971176784,"action":{"library":"H5P.Link 1.3","params":{"linkWidget":{"protocol":"https:\/\/","url":"www.youtube.com\/watch?v=l0Sq7YueD1I"},"title":"For CC click here"},"subContentId":"dbf2ecf6-85ed-4461-9da3-e2a0fa45e7cb","metadata":{"contentType":"Link","license":"U"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":30.819423043712696,"y":0,"width":69.18081153847032,"height":99.01792224392617,"action":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"videos\/sources-5fc12b4c193e4.mp4","mime":"video\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"b14e68ff-2858-4cc8-bffc-d17c636525c7","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Untitled Video"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":64.600636205239,"y":0,"width":33.1508372744109,"height":99.77495926762745,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5fc12cbf013b1.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":573,"height":875},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"2f3d2b54-8398-4121-8662-b114a7989911","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":0,"y":0,"width":63.9402250239205,"height":33.75610985588392,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

An optical telegraphy line could transmit up to 3 signals per minute. A line could transmit 4 to 6 100-signal telegrams on a clear day. With this telegraph line it was possible to transfer a long message (composed of several statements) from Lille to Paris within one hour whereas delivery by a mounted messenger would have taken approx. 24 hours. This was supposed to give a strategic advantage to the French government in case of a feared attack from England. Lille is situated roughly 50 kilometres south-east from Calais, the nearest spot across the English Channel.<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"aad4a838-eaf9-493f-831a-4709a41af4bc","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":30.828322779390238,"y":33.75093391903935,"width":32.15051528970631,"height":65.49202905725937,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5fc13121f19d6.gif","mime":"image\/gif","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":387,"height":400},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"8f1fc876-3e04-4fc0-8061-e4eea0a0ec99","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":0,"y":67.66449238097816,"width":28.544743314250223,"height":11.19834189988388,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

The Optical Telegraph system at its height covered most of the borders of France.<\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"aceeecd5-a870-472f-b416-51dab8ddc393","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":2.2835794651400176,"y":2.245292147878766,"width":31.928551365694705,"height":78.76425633039581,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5fc12e0aa8c30.gif","mime":"image\/gif","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":151,"height":189},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"86b86e4e-9c75-4dc1-930f-c184a7dd035c","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":42.24622010509033,"y":11.277415396829694,"width":46.848431980160264,"height":33.75610985588392,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Chappe's optical telegraph was used for various <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>long distance<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> connections during the first few decades of the 19th century. Of course, all lines merged in Paris. The invention of the electromagnetic telegraph by Morse and others had replaced the optical telegraph by the middle of the 19th century.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"4881dbca-eeb0-456a-afa3-709c30650bb1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":57.78757687099374,"y":49.50378518511851,"width":18.769424697825347,"height":50.26847359372047,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5fc12e4ad0101.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":287,"height":390},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"5bfba0f3-4f1a-4abc-bc2f-fdbe17be4d0a","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":52.52232769822041,"y":33.83224619048908,"width":40,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

It was used primarily by the military, b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>ut also helped unite France politically after the Revolution. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>It spread to other countries like Britain, Spain and Sweden during the early 1800\u2019s. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>After the defeat of Napoleon, France, Britain and other European nations continued to use it for business and commerce<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"dc7a8bb7-875b-471a-b53a-da288339f6fb","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":12.882813552587411,"y":0,"width":36.21288897921715,"height":99.37078611228634,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5fc1561ac218b.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":486,"height":682},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"6cd36f49-b8bf-4371-80cf-5e73ec42607a","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":27.402953581680215,"y":-0.2255483079365939,"width":31.294172990278803,"height":99.77495926762745,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5fc12ec811bce.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":301,"height":488},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"4d9b0098-126f-4cb8-9d1e-c23799f6a9e8","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":73.07454288448056,"y":2.2554830793659386,"width":20.01278286842505,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5fc12fa279877.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":253,"height":256},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"a7dd18c3-f6c0-41b2-a14b-4337dc5a3ce5","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":76.49991208219059,"y":45.109661587318776,"width":14.843266523410115,"height":9.00162929490238,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

Claude Chappe<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"cb8d93fc-9fc0-4b69-b483-32bf3f6c2c64","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":16.67013009552213,"y":2.2554830793659386,"width":83.35065047761066,"height":97.52702739195796,"action":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"videos\/sources-60ae55c5abacb.mp4","mime":"video\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"7e4b2968-d0bd-44d3-b24f-6c5fc8d9f915","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Untitled Video"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":0,"y":40.50215589021614,"width":18.26863572112014,"height":40.54063785545184,"action":{"library":"H5P.Blanks 1.14","params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"text":"Fill in the missing words","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"showSolutions":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","checkAnswer":"Check","notFilledOut":"Please fill in all blanks to view solution","answerIsCorrect":"':ans' is correct","answerIsWrong":"':ans' is wrong","answeredCorrectly":"Answered correctly","answeredIncorrectly":"Answered incorrectly","solutionLabel":"Correct answer:","inputLabel":"Blank input @num of @total","inputHasTipLabel":"Tip available","tipLabel":"Tip","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"autoCheck":false,"caseSensitive":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"separateLines":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"acceptSpellingErrors":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again.","a11yCheckingModeHeader":"Checking mode","confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"questions":["

*see*<\/p>\n","

*far*<\/p>\n"],"submitAnswer":"Submit"},"subContentId":"3a3ef20d-c804-4a1d-a18d-c0645b59498a","metadata":{"contentType":"Fill in the Blanks","license":"U","title":"Untitled Fill in the Blanks"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.1417897325700088,"y":87.9638400952716,"width":9.13431786056007,"height":6.751221971176784,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

click here<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"e2bdaee2-eafa-4b0d-8caf-7492bf04e9cb","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":10.27610759313008,"y":87.9638400952716,"width":7.7784425531331856,"height":6.751221971176784,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-610595c6258a7.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":163,"height":75},"decorative":false},"subContentId":"4671cf73-491e-4bb1-89eb-77d3f7311b59","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}}],"keywordListEnabled":true,"globalBackgroundSelector":{},"keywordListAlwaysShow":false,"keywordListAutoHide":false,"keywordListOpacity":90},"override":{"activeSurface":false,"hideSummarySlide":false,"summarySlideSolutionButton":true,"summarySlideRetryButton":true,"enablePrintButton":false,"social":{"showFacebookShare":false,"facebookShare":{"url":"@currentpageurl","quote":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl."},"showTwitterShare":false,"twitterShare":{"statement":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl.","url":"@currentpageurl","hashtags":"h5p, course"},"showGoogleShare":false,"googleShareUrl":"@currentpageurl"}},"l10n":{"slide":"Slide","score":"Score","yourScore":"Your Score","maxScore":"Max Score","total":"Total","totalScore":"Total Score","showSolutions":"Show solutions","retry":"Retry","exportAnswers":"Export text","hideKeywords":"Hide sidebar navigation menu","showKeywords":"Show sidebar navigation menu","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","prevSlide":"Previous slide","nextSlide":"Next slide","currentSlide":"Current slide","lastSlide":"Last slide","solutionModeTitle":"Exit solution mode","solutionModeText":"Solution Mode","summaryMultipleTaskText":"Multiple tasks","scoreMessage":"You achieved:","shareFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareTwitter":"Share on Twitter","shareGoogle":"Share on Google+","summary":"Summary","solutionsButtonTitle":"Show comments","printTitle":"Print","printIngress":"How would you like to print this presentation?","printAllSlides":"Print all slides","printCurrentSlide":"Print current slide","noTitle":"No title","accessibilitySlideNavigationExplanation":"Use left and right arrow to change slide in that direction whenever canvas is selected.","accessibilityCanvasLabel":"Presentation canvas. Use left and right arrow to move between slides.","containsNotCompleted":"@slideName contains not completed interaction","containsCompleted":"@slideName contains completed interaction","slideCount":"Slide @index of @total","containsOnlyCorrect":"@slideName only has correct answers","containsIncorrectAnswers":"@slideName has incorrect answers","shareResult":"Share Result","accessibilityTotalScore":"You got @score of @maxScore points in total","accessibilityEnteredFullscreen":"Entered fullscreen","accessibilityExitedFullscreen":"Exited fullscreen","confirmDialogHeader":"Submit your answers","confirmDialogText":"This will submit your results, do you want to continue?","confirmDialogConfirmText":"Submit and see results"}}