{"presentation":{"slides":[{"elements":[{"x":3.2679738562091503,"y":40.86021505376344,"width":41.394335511982575,"height":58.064516129032256,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"

<\/h2>\n\n

Logical <\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
<\/h2>\n\n
Fallacies<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n"},"subContentId":"bf8018e8-0c2f-49f8-a4a2-4f9167f3aaf6","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{"imageSlideBackground":{"path":"images\/imageSlideBackground-5f922a92ac8f5.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1324,"height":679}}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":0,"width":68.84531590413944,"height":94.62365591397848,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Rhetorical Analysis Revisited<\/h2>\n\n
We said in our introduction to rhetorical analysis that breaking down how persuasion works is a type of mental self-defence.  <\/p>\n\n
We've learned to see how authors push our buttons using appeals to LOGOS, PATHOS, and ETHOS.<\/p>\n\n
This week, we're going to continue our training, and learn how to identify bad arguments.<\/p>\n\n
Bad arguments are bad in very specific ways, and learning to name the specific errors in thinking we see in an argument can help us to defend ourselves from dubious logic, and create counterarguments that win people over to our way of thinking.<\/p>\n\n
The specific errors in thinking we'll be looking at are called<\/p>\n\n
LOGICAL FALLACIES<\/span><\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"b63674ff-edd7-4858-b5d1-b1ab0ba0d01a","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":70.80610021786492,"y":4.301075268817204,"width":26.688453159041394,"height":70.53763440860214,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f922fcb3ee16.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":3187,"height":4256},"title":"www.hthaostudio.com","alt":"martial artist in defensive stance"},"subContentId":"cdc187a5-ac5e-4eb2-8b3b-151dad5b0ee1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image","source":"http:\/\/ www.hthaostudio.com"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":22.875816993464053,"y":2.133737634408602,"width":75.16339869281046,"height":94.62365591397848,"action":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IawIjqOJBU8","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"7e46784c-7f1b-4843-8316-d1bc83957faa","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Fallacies"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.140455913978495,"width":20.697167755991288,"height":94.62365591397848,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Click to watch this video from Mometrix Academy on logical fallacies. <\/p>\n\n
It gives a great overview of the topic, and defines 10 of the fallacies we'll be looking at this week. The only ones missing are appeal to authority<\/strong><\/span>, post hoc<\/strong><\/span> and non sequitur<\/strong><\/span>. Don't worry, these are all discussed in the following slides.<\/p>\n\n
The video is 6:55.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"14271f12-f411-4deb-b239-bfdeea60dc75","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":63.18082788671025,"y":2.140455913978495,"width":35.947712418300654,"height":92.47311827956989,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Fallacies classified by rhetorical appeal<\/h2>\n\n
People have been studying errors in logic, or logical fallacies, for literally thousands of years. Therefore, there are a lot of different terms people use, and a giant list of possible fallacies to cover. I've chosen some of the most common to focus on. <\/p>\n\n
To help us to remember what they are and how they work, and especially to help us to add fallacies to our toolkit for critical reading, I've classified them according to whether they result from a poor appeal to logos, pathos, or ethos.<\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"e02027a5-9265-44d3-b3cf-39e75c152c9d","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":3.2679738562091503,"y":12.903225806451612,"width":57.734204793028326,"height":81.72043010752688,"action":{"library":"H5P.Table 1.1","params":{"text":"
<\/div>\n\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t
LOGOS<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t\t PATHOS<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t\t ETHOS<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Post hoc\/ false cause<\/span><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t
Slippery slope<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Either-or thinking\/<\/span><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t
False dichotomy<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t
Appeal to authority<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t
Faulty analogy<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t Appeal to prejudice\/emotion<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t Ad hominem<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t
Straw man<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t Bandwagon mentality<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t <\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t
Hasty generalization<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t <\/td>\n\t\t\t <\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t
Circular reasoning<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t <\/td>\n\t\t\t <\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t
Non sequitur<\/span><\/td>\n\t\t\t <\/td>\n\t\t\t <\/td>\n\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n
<\/div>\n"},"subContentId":"a8ed26a3-2c21-4a60-b76b-6d0fbe44bc26","metadata":{"contentType":"Table","license":"U","title":"Fallacies"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"slideBackgroundSelector":{},"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":0,"width":98.03921568627452,"height":96.77419354838709,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Fallacies in LOGOS<\/h2>\n\n
Errors in applying Cause\/Effect<\/strong> reasoning<\/h3>\n\n
Post hoc\/False cause <\/strong><\/span>arguments occur when an author states that if B happened after A, then A must have caused B to happen. However, this is not always the case. You have to prove more of a relationship between A and B than that one happened after the other.<\/p>\n\n
This fallacy is at the heart of conspiracy theories and a lot of superstitious thinking. I hate to break it to you sports fans, but your \"post-season socks\" are not in fact making your team win just because they won when you wore them that one time. Change your socks. Your family will thank you.<\/p>\n\n
Slippery slope<\/strong><\/span> arguments are also errors in cause\/effect, but over a longer time and involving more steps. The idea here is that once we take a step in one direction (start to fall), a whole series of events will occur that will inevitably<\/strong> land us at the bottom of a steep hill.  <\/p>\n\n
This is behind the argument that if you take one puff of that \"marijuana cigarette\", you'll become an addict, then a dealer, then a convict, and eventually die alone under a bridge. Happily, there are other possible ways that story could play out.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"34e8b9bb-7cec-429e-909e-9356ddf2c3e3","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}]},{"elements":[{"x":47.930283224400874,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":50.871459694989106,"height":70.96774193548387,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f923a62c7f63.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":665,"height":470},"alt":"a graph showing that as the earth warms, pirates are decreasing in number"},"subContentId":"f7cb495a-ee59-4fe5-8096-8f723e6d7210","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":0,"y":2.1438172043010755,"width":47.712418300653596,"height":96.77419354838709,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Causation and Correlation<\/h2>\n\n
Another way of explaining errors in cause and effect is to look at the difference between causation and correlation. Causation is when we can say that A actually caused <\/strong>B to happen. Correlation refers to the idea that when A goes up, B goes up (or down). Correlation means that two things happen at the same time. It doesn't establish causality.<\/p>\n\n
This chart shows why this is important. It seems to show that as global warming increases, the number of pirates on the high seas goes down.  <\/p>\n\n
Poor thinking would lead us to say that pirates, like polar bears, are negatively affected by climate change.  <\/p>\n\n
However, we know that these are just two random data sets plotted against one another, and that the correlation does not indicate that one affects the other. It's just a coincidence<\/strong>.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"8a7583f5-5372-49f9-8dd0-5ce292fa7b9b","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":0,"width":70.80610021786492,"height":96.77419354838709,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Errors in applying Comparison\/Contrast reasoning<\/h2>\n\n
False analogies<\/strong><\/span> are arguments based on a comparison between two things that just doesn't work. Either the similarities between the two things being compared are superficial or they're irrelevant to the point you're trying to make.<\/p>\n\n
The kid pictured here holding the sign that reads \"God only asks for 10%\" is a good example of a false analogy.  <\/p>\n\n
The sign is referring to the Biblical concept of tithing. This is where you give 10% of your earnings to the church.  <\/p>\n\n
The point is to protest high taxes. It's making the argument that if God only asks for 10% and He made the whole world, why should the government need more than that in taxes?<\/p>\n\n
The argument is absurd. The differences between God and the government are too great. Churches also don't have the operating costs of the government. It's a false analogy that just doesn't work. But hey, the kids are cute.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"079c27fa-b405-4cc7-b751-f3a2822fdab9","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":71.89542483660131,"y":6.451612903225806,"width":27.01525054466231,"height":71.39784946236558,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f923fc908070.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":402,"height":537},"alt":"kids holding fallacious protest signs"},"subContentId":"8013fc5a-8c7e-4452-8f3a-eaea9896d86a","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":72.98474945533769,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Errors in Rebuttal<\/h2>\n\n
Rebuttal is important because it allows the writer to speak directly to their opponents, and demonstrate why their way of thinking is incorrect.<\/p>\n\n
Straw man<\/strong><\/span> arguments occur when a writer either doesn't know what the arguments are on the opposing side, or when they don't have a good answer to those arguments. In such cases, a writer might make up some weak arguments to rebut instead of dealing with the actual arguments on the opposing side.  <\/p>\n\n
For example, there is controversy surrounding Canada's laws on MAID, or Medical Assistance in Dying, what some refer to as assisted suicide. If I wanted to argue that we should expand access to MAID, it would be strategic for me to speak directly to the concerns of my opponents.<\/p>\n\n
However, it would be a straw man fallacy for me to begin my argument with \"now I know that some enjoy watching their loved ones suffer, but . . . \"<\/p>\n\n
Those who oppose MAID are not pro-suffering. They do not enjoy the pain of others. Pretending they do does not support my argument. It just makes a weak, ignorant point and attributes it to the opposing side. Then, when I knock it down, I might feel like I've scored some points, but actually, I haven't. <\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"84af0f81-5505-42e1-b0fa-a19833508459","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":76.25272331154684,"y":4.301075268817204,"width":20.152505446623096,"height":74.83870967741935,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f924fb49101b.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":798,"height":1504},"alt":"a straw figure from a market"},"subContentId":"fa7a1fb8-5296-4faf-9711-2246b33afb2d","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":4.297720430107527,"width":58.82352941176471,"height":94.62365591397848,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Errors in drawing conclusions based on evidence (inductive reasoning)<\/h2>\n\n
Hasty generalizations<\/strong><\/span>, like oversimplifications, occur when an author draws a conclusion based on little evidence, or based on examples that are acually not representative of general trends. Therefore, we can say that these are a problem in applying inductive reasoning, which makes observations of the world and then draws conclusions based on those observations. <\/p>\n\n
Hasty generalizations are unfortunately quite common. Most of us have probably used them at some point. For example, when driving, if we get cut off by a male driver, it's a common response to make generalizations about all male drivers being aggressive. However, our small sample size doesn't warrant such a generalization. <\/p>\n\n
As the previous example suggests, hasty generalizations are also often the culprit in stereotyping.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"51d69263-3d08-4622-822a-58ff1eba7236","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":72.98474945533769,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":18.51851851851852,"height":49.677419354838705,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f9c2eb7148f8.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":4800,"height":6536},"alt":"Official photo of President Obama from Library of Congress"},"subContentId":"12f50647-5e14-4fa4-92ae-53f72ee5ca50","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Obama","source":"http:\/\/unsplash.com"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":64.27015250544663,"y":53.76344086021505,"width":32.6797385620915,"height":40,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
When Obama was elected, some said this was proof there is no more racism in the US. Unfortunately, this is a hasty generalization<\/strong><\/span>. His trajectory is not representative of the average Black man in the US. <\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"282ecdeb-6e8f-476d-91a2-4fc3d0a54d17","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":62.091503267973856,"y":8.602150537634408,"width":0.10893246187363835,"height":88.17204301075269,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"line":{"borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000"},"type":"vertical-line","shape":{"fillColor":"#ffffff","borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderRadius":"0"}},"subContentId":"42e1402c-4c9a-4c27-9e48-c8f2703d54ee","metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"}},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":63.18082788671024,"height":96.77419354838709,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Circular Reasoning<\/h2>\n\n
Circular reasoning <\/strong><\/span>can be surprisingly difficult to identify in an argument. It occurs whenever the argument is constructed in such a way that you already have to have accepted the conclusion in order to accept any of the premises. It's an argument that goes around in circles and is self-justifying. <\/p>\n\n
For example, many immigrants who come to Toronto wind up with minimum wage jobs, especially when they first arrive and don't have Canadian job experience. A common explanation for this is that they arrive with inferior skills. However, if we examine this argument, we can sometimes find the reasoning is circular.  <\/p>\n\n
\"Why do new immigrants often have low paying jobs?\"<\/p>\n\n
\"Because they have inferior skills.\"<\/p>\n\n
\"But how do we know they have inferior skills?\"<\/p>\n\n
\"That's easy, because they have low paying jobs.\"<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"20b6461b-fcce-43d3-bdef-b0e7470e640f","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":66.44880174291939,"y":10.75268817204301,"width":31.263616557734206,"height":58.064516129032256,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f938d2e129f8.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":425,"height":399},"alt":"the words circular reasoning works because arranged in a circle"},"subContentId":"47205ddd-6160-4ef4-a15b-485712e06ed5","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.140455913978495,"width":47.930283224400874,"height":96.77419354838709,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Non sequiturs<\/h2>\n\n
The term non sequitur<\/strong><\/span> is Latin. It means \"does not follow\". It occurs whenever we have an argument that simply makes no sense. Often, this is because the support has nothing to do with the claim. It's another very common fallacy in conspiracy theories, which often try to connect the dots between events and concepts that have absolutely nothing to do with one another.  <\/p>\n\n
In short, non sequiturs are what you might call crazytown bananapants arguments.<\/p>\n\n
For example, an argument that states that marijuana can't be harmful to humans because it's a natural product is a non sequitur.  <\/p>\n\n
It's simply not true that every natural product is not harmful to humans. Ever hear of murder hornets? They're natural. So is arsenic, snake venom, uranium, tigers . . . you get the idea.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"6ca844d8-b823-4b54-a659-27bb792e93d5","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":49.01960784313726,"y":17.204301075268816,"width":50.98039215686275,"height":59.784946236559136,"action":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":true,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"videos\/sources-5f9390115b5bc.mp4","mime":"video\/mp4","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"16486008-0122-4a01-a8c9-fb4bf6041d05","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"crazytown bananapants"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":100,"height":98.9247311827957,"action":{"library":"H5P.DragText 1.10","params":{"taskDescription":"
Knowledge check!<\/h2>\n","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":50,"feedback":"go back over the previous slides to make sure you get the concepts"},{"from":51,"to":75,"feedback":"You're getting there."},{"from":76,"to":100,"feedback":"Good work."}],"checkAnswer":"Check","tryAgain":"Retry","showSolution":"Show solution","dropZoneIndex":"Drop Zone @index.","empty":"Drop Zone @index is empty.","contains":"Drop Zone @index contains draggable @draggable.","ariaDraggableIndex":"@index of @count draggables.","tipLabel":"Show tip","correctText":"Correct!","incorrectText":"Incorrect!","resetDropTitle":"Reset drop","resetDropDescription":"Are you sure you want to reset this drop zone?","grabbed":"Draggable is grabbed.","cancelledDragging":"Cancelled dragging.","correctAnswer":"Correct answer:","feedbackHeader":"Feedback","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"instantFeedback":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","textField":""If little girls play with trucks instead of dolls, they'll grow up wanting to be men" is an example of a slippery slope argument.\nWhen authors use faulty cause\/effect reasoning, they can sometimes create a post hoc argument, while a problem with comparison and contrast can be a faulty analogy.\n"The fact that Barak Obama could be elected President of the United States means that there is no more racism in America" is an example of a hasty generalization.\nTrump's attempt to argue that Joe Biden would make a terrible President because his son was addicted to drugs is an example of a non sequitur. \nWhen we misrepresent our opponent's argument just so we can knock it down easily, this is a straw man.","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"subContentId":"3129e237-2e6e-4f09-b009-505765942612","metadata":{"contentType":"Drag Text","license":"U","title":"fallacies of logos"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":96.94989106753813,"height":92.47311827956989,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Fallacies related to PATHOS<\/h2>\n\n
Bandwagon mentality<\/strong><\/span> is at work any time we try to win an argument by claiming that something is popular or that \"everybody does it\". This is an emotional appeal gone wrong. It's an attempt to make the audience feel stupid, like they just \"don't get it\" if they disagree. The popular argument that internet piracy isn't theft because everyone does it is a good example of this. The number of people who do it doesn't change what it is. It only changes how we feel about it.<\/p>\n\n
Appeals to prejudice<\/strong><\/span> (sometimes called apeals to emotion) occur when an author uses emotionally charged diction unfairly to sway our opinion. Arguments against safe injection sites for drug users sometimes play on this when they say things like \"addicts<\/strong> and dealers<\/strong> will take over the neighbourhood\". This language ignores that people who use drugs are our neighbours<\/strong> and need our help.<\/p>\n\n
Either-or thinking<\/strong><\/span>, or false dichotomy<\/strong><\/span> (sometimes also called a false dilemma) is any time an author says there are only two options: the one they want you to choose, or some horrible or disgusting alternative. This is almost never the case. The writer is just using your fear of the alternative to make you think \"well, I'd better choose your way then\". This is what is at work when we hear arguments like \"We have to go to war or the terrorists win\".  <\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"d7177b7d-66ea-4ea7-902f-3124a8240498","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":0,"y":0,"width":99.1285403050109,"height":100,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Fallacies related to ETHOS<\/h2>\n\n
Appeals to authority<\/strong><\/span> can be used well in arguments. Whenever we use research or refer to experts, this increases the credibility of our argument. However, there are also 3 ways an appeal to authority can be fallacious.<\/p>\n\n
If the authority you cite is an expert, but not in the topic<\/strong> of the argument, this is a faulty appeal to authority. I once saw a poster for an anti-vaxxer rally that included the name of a doctor who would be speaking. Curious, I looked him up. He was a geologist. Not an epidemiologist, not a medical doctor. A rock doctor. facepalm<\/p>\n\n
If the authority is biased<\/strong>, this can weaken your argument. Andrew Wakefield, the doctor who lost his license because of his fraudulent article about vaccines and autism that started the whole anti-vaxxer movement, was paid by pharmaceutical companies to falsify his results. They wanted people to pay for expensive treatments for childhood diseases like measles.<\/p>\n\n
If the authority you cite is equivocal<\/strong>, it can't be used to support your argument. Equivocal means that it speaks for both sides equally. This is a problem when people try to use the Bible as support for an argument. It's a complicated text with a long history. People quote it to support feminist ideals, and also to support patriarchal ideals. People quote it to support racism, and also anti-racism. It's not a great source in arguments anyway because it only has value to people of faith, but even then, it can be used to support both sides of many contemporary arguments.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"3f02456a-7d82-4980-b5ca-7891b613f89b","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":49.01960784313726,"y":43.01075268817204,"width":47.930283224400874,"height":56.34408602150537,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f93ad2c71410.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":1920,"height":1141},"alt":"tweet from Trump calling Arianna Huffington ugly"},"subContentId":"6a931fbc-78ae-4108-967c-75c81fb4672a","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":0,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":45.751633986928105,"height":94.62365591397848,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Ad Hominem<\/h2>\n\n
Ad hominem<\/strong><\/span> is Latin again. It means \"to the person\". An ad hominem argument is one that tries to deny the opposing side in an argument by saying that we can't trust the person who is making the argument. It's when a writer attacks the person<\/strong> saying the idea and not the idea<\/strong> itself.<\/p>\n\n
This is a fallacy because, while we should care about the source of an argument, the person who says it is not more important than the idea itself. If it's a good argument, it's a good argument, regardless of where it comes from.<\/p>\n\n
Politicians make ad hominem attacks frequently. Trump uses them all the time. Name calling, belittling your opponent, dragging up irrelevant points about them, are all ad hominem attacks.  <\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"0c0c14af-639c-4947-93bb-921cadd44e14","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":49.01960784313726,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":48.80174291938998,"height":37.84946236559139,"action":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","params":{"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-5f93acabbdab4.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":358,"height":141},"alt":"Tweet from Trump calling Joaquin Castro "lesser""},"subContentId":"c3253627-3954-4d7e-9de9-ac18fe1c6138","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":1.0893246187363834,"y":2.133737634408602,"width":41.394335511982575,"height":96.77419354838709,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Knowledge check! <\/h2>\n\n
If you want to be angry about something, Google the Nestle Infant Formula Scandal. In the 1970s, Nestle sent people in nurses' uniforms to African countries to peddle infant formula.  <\/p>\n\n
Formula is expensive. When you mix formula with tainted water, babies die. Breast milk, on the other hand, is free and not susceptible to tainted water.<\/p>\n\n
Once the babies had been on the formula for a few weeks, mothers were unable to switch back to breastfeeding, as their milk would have dried up. <\/p>\n\n
Babies died. Lots of them. <\/p>\n\n
Some changes have been made to marketing standards, but this is still happening<\/strong>.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"f0b7c73f-16da-4e1d-bb26-7f06bdd18127","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":43.57298474945534,"y":2.133737634408602,"width":56.42701525054466,"height":96.77419354838709,"action":{"library":"H5P.DragText 1.10","params":{"taskDescription":"Drag the words into the correct boxes","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":50,"feedback":"Review the fallacies again to be sure of their definitions."},{"from":51,"to":75,"feedback":"You're getting there."},{"from":76,"to":100,"feedback":"Good work."}],"checkAnswer":"Check","tryAgain":"Retry","showSolution":"Show solution","dropZoneIndex":"Drop Zone @index.","empty":"Drop Zone @index is empty.","contains":"Drop Zone @index contains draggable @draggable.","ariaDraggableIndex":"@index of @count draggables.","tipLabel":"Show tip","correctText":"Correct!","incorrectText":"Incorrect!","resetDropTitle":"Reset drop","resetDropDescription":"Are you sure you want to reset this drop zone?","grabbed":"Draggable is grabbed.","cancelledDragging":"Cancelled dragging.","correctAnswer":"Correct answer:","feedbackHeader":"Feedback","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"instantFeedback":false},"scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","textField":"Making salespeople wear nurses' uniforms is an example of faulty appeal to authority.\nClaiming that either mothers use infant formula or their babies would be sickly is an example of a false dichotomy\/ either-or thinking.\nSaying all Western babies are raised on infant formula is an example of hasty generalization.\nUsing the term "Western" to market their product because it has positive associations is an example of appeal to prejudice.","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"subContentId":"120c67e7-9730-4eb2-acd8-e165fd8bdc0c","metadata":{"contentType":"Drag Text","license":"U","title":"Nestle"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":42.48366013071895,"y":10.75268817204301,"width":0.10893246187363835,"height":83.87096774193547,"action":{"library":"H5P.Shape 1.0","params":{"line":{"borderWidth":"1","borderStyle":"solid","borderColor":"#000"},"type":"vertical-line","shape":{"fillColor":"#ffffff","borderColor":"#000000","borderWidth":"0","borderStyle":"solid","borderRadius":"0"}},"subContentId":"de0c6515-6fc8-46be-99bc-f7d4d9f6157b","metadata":{"contentType":"Shapes","license":"U"}},"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}},{"elements":[{"x":2.178649237472767,"y":2.150537634408602,"width":34.85838779956427,"height":90.32258064516128,"action":{"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","params":{"text":"
Summary<\/h2>\n\n
Bad arguments tend to be bad in predictable, identifiable ways. Learning to identify exactly what is wrong with a bad argument will help you to take it down. And this is an important skill in our world. <\/p>\n\n
If you want to learn more, there is a podcast called Fallacious Trump<\/a>. Each episode explains a different fallacy using something Trump has said or written. <\/p>\n\n
Now, to remind us of all of the good in the world, please enjoy this video of baby goats in pajamas, courtesy of Sunflower Farm Creamery.<\/p>\n"},"subContentId":"c1ae0954-749f-4ba0-897b-02b806563cd1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""},{"x":41.394335511982575,"y":17.204301075268816,"width":50,"height":55.5553125,"action":{"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LQhJqoRbaII","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"subContentId":"633fdb4a-25ba-4513-94e2-d645ce1a9de0","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"goats in pajamas"}},"alwaysDisplayComments":false,"backgroundOpacity":0,"displayAsButton":false,"buttonSize":"big","goToSlideType":"specified","invisible":false,"solution":""}],"slideBackgroundSelector":{}}],"keywordListEnabled":true,"globalBackgroundSelector":{"imageGlobalBackground":{"path":"images\/imageGlobalBackground-5f922d4ece37e.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":3016,"height":1844}},"keywordListAlwaysShow":false,"keywordListAutoHide":false,"keywordListOpacity":90},"override":{"activeSurface":false,"hideSummarySlide":false,"summarySlideSolutionButton":true,"summarySlideRetryButton":true,"enablePrintButton":false,"social":{"showFacebookShare":false,"facebookShare":{"url":"@currentpageurl","quote":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl."},"showTwitterShare":false,"twitterShare":{"statement":"I scored @score out of @maxScore on a task at @currentpageurl.","url":"@currentpageurl","hashtags":"h5p, course"},"showGoogleShare":false,"googleShareUrl":"@currentpageurl"}},"l10n":{"slide":"Slide","score":"Score","yourScore":"Your Score","maxScore":"Max Score","total":"Total","totalScore":"Total Score","showSolutions":"Show solutions","retry":"Retry","exportAnswers":"Export text","hideKeywords":"Hide sidebar navigation menu","showKeywords":"Show sidebar navigation menu","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","prevSlide":"Previous slide","nextSlide":"Next slide","currentSlide":"Current slide","lastSlide":"Last slide","solutionModeTitle":"Exit solution mode","solutionModeText":"Solution Mode","summaryMultipleTaskText":"Multiple tasks","scoreMessage":"You achieved:","shareFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareTwitter":"Share on Twitter","shareGoogle":"Share on Google+","summary":"Summary","solutionsButtonTitle":"Show comments","printTitle":"Print","printIngress":"How would you like to print this presentation?","printAllSlides":"Print all slides","printCurrentSlide":"Print current slide","noTitle":"No title","accessibilitySlideNavigationExplanation":"Use left and right arrow to change slide in that direction whenever canvas is selected.","accessibilityCanvasLabel":"Presentation canvas. Use left and right arrow to move between slides.","containsNotCompleted":"@slideName contains not completed interaction","containsCompleted":"@slideName contains completed interaction","slideCount":"Slide @index of @total","containsOnlyCorrect":"@slideName only has correct answers","containsIncorrectAnswers":"@slideName has incorrect answers","shareResult":"Share Result","accessibilityTotalScore":"You got @score of @maxScore points in total","accessibilityEnteredFullscreen":"Entered fullscreen","accessibilityExitedFullscreen":"Exited fullscreen"}}

Fallacies

Chandra Hodgson