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Kidneys are a very essential organ in human bodies. Kidneys are bean shaped organs on both sides of the spine, below your ribs and behind your belly. The main function of the kidneys is to filter your blood. They remove wastes such as urine and excess ions that the body does not need. They help keep balance of body fluid and maintain the right level of electrolytes. <\/p>\n\n

Within each kidney there are million tiny filters called nephrons. Each nephron has different parts which carry out specific tasks as described in this book.<\/p>\n","coverMedium":{"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"params":{"contentName":"Image","decorative":false,"file":{"path":"images\/coverImage-5f7a2f21cc2c9.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","width":504,"height":294,"originalImage":{"path":"images\/coverImage-5f7a2f01e472d.jpg#tmp","mime":"image\/jpeg","height":3171,"width":3997}}},"subContentId":"52472ab9-a563-4394-af47-8d823a679881"}},"chapters":[{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Kidneys are a part of the body's urinary system as shown below.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"3c99c958-5fee-488b-9565-a230aa2ab6f9"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":37.9073756432247,"y":55.38832720588235},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

One of the kidneys.<\/p>\n\n

The bean shaped organ responsible for the filtration of the body\u2019s blood.1<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"5139c8d0-11f0-4722-9c84-e7c76300785b"}],"header":"This is:"},{"position":{"x":44,"y":66.140518707483},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

The ureter.<\/p>\n\n

It acts as the collecting duct that connects to the bladder.1<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"f03f5347-7516-4961-b81f-c808bb0ff684"}],"header":"This is:"},{"position":{"x":48.4,"y":79.68218537414967},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

The bladder.<\/p>\n\n

It is the collecting pouch for the urine to be excreting out of the body.1<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"4c764af8-52f3-44a4-8e0d-35fc3183f437"}],"header":"This is:"},{"position":{"x":49.2,"y":85.40072278911565},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

The urethra.<\/p>\n\n

The duct that the urine travels through out of the body during excretion.1<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"7cfecb37-f31b-4fbe-a877-693b28d2183e"}],"header":"This is:"},{"position":{"x":46,"y":59.14647108843537},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

The renal artery.<\/p>\n\n

This is the artery that supplies the kidneys with blood.1<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"0049c86c-25d3-48a5-854c-63e952337c52"}],"header":"This is:"},{"position":{"x":49.2,"y":63.16432823129252},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

The renal vein.<\/p>\n\n

It carries blood away from the kidneys.1<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"7472206f-435f-4310-b90d-3991d9709cd4"}],"header":"This is:"}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-5f79316036680.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2550,"height":2952}},"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Kidneys are a part of the body's urinary system as shown below."},"subContentId":"c606c2d6-8b56-414d-aeda-1f5dcf08c673"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"36389339-b2a9-4711-8792-fc2cc61deadb","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Urinary system"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

The kidneys have various parts to them. Each part has its own task, this is explained within the image below. <\/p>\n\n

Try out the quiz at the end of the page to test your knowledge.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"8dab04ee-41bd-4e16-bb6a-316e7ceab190"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#000000","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":45.2,"y":30.61565170940171},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

This is where the urine is collected from renal pyramids and travels down the pelvis to the ureter. 2<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"6bd07e17-cd59-4d35-ad30-4c4e9431ce9f"}],"header":"Major calyx"},{"position":{"x":38.4,"y":35.1428952991453},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

Tons of minor calyx make up the major calyx. 2<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"bbd340a3-0ba5-4c61-a858-fe9f43a720d9"}],"header":"Minor calyx"},{"position":{"x":28.799999999999997,"y":46.50774572649573},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

This is where the concentration of urine is regulated. 2<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"f1757cd5-4883-4a7a-af39-f7a1fc38c294"}],"header":"Renal medulla"},{"position":{"x":23.599999999999998,"y":51.462339743589745},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

This is the space within which arterioles and venules from renal artery and vein to perfuse the nephrons into the kidneys. 2<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"f175584a-de1c-48fa-820a-fd7c2bfe318d"}],"header":"Renal cortex"},{"position":{"x":38,"y":83.34001068376068},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

Thin membranous sheath that covers the outside of each kidney. 2<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"142fec8d-a674-4b16-b5e7-450537282688"}],"header":"Renal capsule"},{"position":{"x":61.199999999999996,"y":55.388621794871796},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

This is where the urine is collected, which then travels into the ureter and excreted out of the body. 2<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"2e35925c-bab4-4134-9cbb-b0fbb554a697"}],"header":"Renal pelvis"},{"position":{"x":64.8,"y":81.28338675213675},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

This is the duct that connects to the bladder where the urine is collected. 2<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"e3e44a7e-ce6c-427f-9425-0bcc6a910be4"}],"header":"Renal ureter"}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-5f7a31eed98e2.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2529,"height":2323},"backgroundImageAltText":"Diagram of kidney"},"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"The Kidney"},"subContentId":"1ed2b8f8-7253-4ec7-ac47-6711dc4cf7b3"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

Renal capsule<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

Renal artery<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"

Bladder<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100,"feedback":"yay! you are correct!"}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution"},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

What part of kidney collects urine to be excretred out of the body?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Quiz"},"subContentId":"5cda235d-28e4-4384-b810-04309b90df80"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"1f8ed93d-10ad-4ae4-abc2-09a492a8b522","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Parts of the kidneys"}},{"params":{"content":[{"useSeparator":"auto","content":{"params":{"text":"

The nephron is the functioning unit within the kidneys. It regulates water and other soluble in the blood by filtering and excreting waste products. The nephron consists of 2 main steps, the glomerulus filters the blood and the tubules reabsorb necessary ions while excreting unwanted ions.3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"ba2704b7-cd22-4571-a2d3-cb27525dbc51"}},{"content":{"params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#981d99","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":32,"y":26.04779411764706},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac that surrounds the glomerular capillary loops and helps in the filtration process.3<\/p>\n\n

It opens into the proximal convoluted tubule.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"c8c1c660-5b00-41af-bba4-b9241e4dc7fa"}],"header":"Bowman's Capsule"},{"position":{"x":29.599999999999998,"y":31.231617647058822},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

This is where a network of blood capillaries are present. This network allows for waste products to be filtered from the blood and enter the kidney tubule.3 <\/p>\n\n

The filteration is possible due to high blood pressures caused by the bunching of blood capillaries. 3<\/p>\n\n

Here all the waste products are filtered into the nephron tubule leaving large molecules such as RBC to be brought back into the circulatory system.3<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"44bfcb38-c6f9-4f99-8e7a-4fd604f2b567"}],"header":"Glomerulus"},{"position":{"x":28.000000000000004,"y":46.21936274509804},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

Here majority of the reabsorption takes place depending on the needs of homeostatsis.<\/p>\n\n

Reabsorption is when water and other solutes such as glucose, amino acids, potassium ions, chloride ions and sodium ions are removed from the kidney tubule and moved into the blood to be circulated throughout the body.3<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"24832205-8238-4c17-b279-1005338993d7"}],"header":"Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)"},{"position":{"x":40.8,"y":79.24632352941177},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

Here majority of water and sodium ions are reabsorbed into the blood stream according to the body's needs.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"26bc9592-2791-426d-9f18-610f3387f419"}],"header":"Loop of Henle"},{"position":{"x":57.199999999999996,"y":35.802696078431374},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

This is where any extra reabsorption required by the body takes place.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"fd7107f1-7246-49c4-9f3d-8cf57e284657"}],"header":"Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)"},{"position":{"x":78,"y":75.10416666666667},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

Where all the urine and waste products are collected. <\/p>\n\n

This tubule leads to the ureter and into the bladder for storage to be excreted.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"23eca8f0-9ceb-44d5-8d69-dc37c34df231"}],"header":"Collecting duct"},{"position":{"x":40.8,"y":23.425245098039216},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

Blood is brought into the kidney through this blood vessel.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"df373ad3-aa06-4c80-bbca-5ebefa070e50"}],"header":"Renal Artery"},{"position":{"x":88,"y":56.06004901960784},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"

Filtered blood is taken away from the kidneys and circulated throughout the body.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"0ae4cb31-a58c-4527-ad4b-028ac90f84c0"}],"header":"Renal Vein"}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-5f7b5bdf0f495.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2532,"height":2532},"backgroundImageAltText":"labelled diagram of a nephron."},"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"The Nephron"},"subContentId":"3c17c6cd-3f7f-48b1-8419-6c6038a3c290"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"correct":"false","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false},"l10n":{"trueText":"True","falseText":"False","score":"You got @score of @total points","checkAnswer":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","wrongAnswerMessage":"Wrong answer","correctAnswerMessage":"Correct answer","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points"},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

The PCT is where filteration takes place.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.TrueFalse 1.8","metadata":{"contentType":"True\/False Question","license":"U","title":"True\/False Question 1"},"subContentId":"018b4409-34b9-4c0d-b1a4-84ee05512d02"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"correct":"true","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false},"l10n":{"trueText":"True","falseText":"False","score":"You got @score of @total points","checkAnswer":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","wrongAnswerMessage":"Wrong answer","correctAnswerMessage":"Correct answer","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points"},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

The loop of henle is where majority of water is reabsorped.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.TrueFalse 1.8","metadata":{"contentType":"True\/False Question","license":"U","title":"True\/False Question 2"},"subContentId":"ee0f5b7f-a5f3-4534-b0b7-3879b2c9854e"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"correct":"false","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false},"l10n":{"trueText":"True","falseText":"False","score":"You got @score of @total points","checkAnswer":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","wrongAnswerMessage":"Wrong answer","correctAnswerMessage":"Correct answer","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points"},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

The DCT is the tubule that connects to the Ureter.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.TrueFalse 1.8","metadata":{"contentType":"True\/False Question","license":"U","title":"True\/False Question 3"},"subContentId":"4034a390-08ca-4f55-bea5-47abf8e29e95"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"744d0f16-a54b-49b3-8db1-7d11432a2a52","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"The Nephron"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Glomerulus is where the primary filtration process occurs within the nephron. Glomerulus is a cluster of intertwined capillaries which are surrounded by the bowman\u2019s capsule that contains small pores allowing certain substances to pass through and certain substances to remain in the blood plasma.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

Blood plasma enters through the afferent arteriole which then flows into the glomerulus. The network of intertwined causes high hydrostatic pressure which pushes filtrate to flow into the tubules of the nephron.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

The rate of glomerular filtration depends on the effective pressure. Effective pressure is the difference between the osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure present in the glomerulus. Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure would in turn increase glomerular filtration rate.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

Ions such as RBC are too big to pass through the small pores of the bowman\u2019s capsule and hence stay in the capillary, whereas substances such as amino acids, water, chloride ions and other organic soluble substance are small enough to pass through into the tubule of the nephron.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"b81e8137-d61c-45ab-bbce-07761a66baef"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"plus","color":"#000000","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":80,"y":8.722098214285715},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"header":"Afferent arteriole","content":[{"params":{"text":"

Brings blood into the nephron<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"38c78b96-76a6-49cc-9171-e3f58f1f3af7"}]},{"position":{"x":58.8,"y":62.06473214285714},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"header":"Glomerular hydrostatic pressure","content":[{"params":{"text":"

Hydrostatic pressure is caused by the tight bunching of capillaries and helps push the filtrate through the nephron tubule.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"7e398a5d-3ac7-4d4a-8593-631b7ef0f25c"}]},{"position":{"x":48,"y":63.97879464285714},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"header":"Capsular hydrostatic pressure","content":[{"params":{"text":"

Capsular pressure is the pressure exerted by the bowman's capsule in the opposite direction. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"e7fe6215-e706-4f1c-b621-e00235c692d2"}]},{"position":{"x":23.200000000000003,"y":51.60714285714286},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"header":"Blood colloid osmotic pressure","content":[{"params":{"text":"

Osmotic pressure is to maintain the balance and it plays an imporatant role in the rate of glomerular filtration.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"ecbd58e1-79f2-42ea-a85a-ccbcd8605fb6"}]},{"position":{"x":32.4,"y":68.87834821428571},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"header":"Glomerular filtrate","content":[{"params":{"text":"

This is the substance that passes through the nephron to be potentially excreted out of the body.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"8c39769c-c64e-45d2-a2a6-5946ef2a5474"}]}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","image":{"path":"images\/image-5f7b67a254ad7.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":2174,"height":2399},"backgroundImageAltText":"diagram of glomerulus"},"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Glomerulus"},"subContentId":"46dea0d5-e524-4f38-8fad-19bc9b81854e"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"0d39ab39-187b-48ea-be6e-cd0fe368f793","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"The Glomerulus"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8UVlXX-9x7Q&ab_channel=BiomedSessions","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Quick Explanation of each part of the nephron"},"subContentId":"cb2039a3-d7f2-4bc3-ae1a-7ce5f80f4d28"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"correct":"true","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false},"l10n":{"trueText":"True","falseText":"False","score":"You got @score of @total points","checkAnswer":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","wrongAnswerMessage":"Wrong answer","correctAnswerMessage":"Correct answer","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points"},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

Water is reabsorbed in the descending loop of henle using osmosis.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.TrueFalse 1.8","metadata":{"contentType":"True\/False Question","license":"U","title":"summary question 1"},"subContentId":"3fcea986-7a32-473f-a9b3-4da47b1cdc8d"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"correct":"false","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false},"l10n":{"trueText":"True","falseText":"False","score":"You got @score of @total points","checkAnswer":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","wrongAnswerMessage":"Wrong answer","correctAnswerMessage":"Correct answer","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points"},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

Under the influence of the hormone aldosterone, sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.TrueFalse 1.8","metadata":{"contentType":"True\/False Question","license":"U","title":"Summary question 2"},"subContentId":"c2b37012-07cd-4c50-ab9b-2363891a1613"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"correct":"true","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false},"l10n":{"trueText":"True","falseText":"False","score":"You got @score of @total points","checkAnswer":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","wrongAnswerMessage":"Wrong answer","correctAnswerMessage":"Correct answer","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points"},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"

Levels of water are regulated by the hormone ADH in the collecting duct.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.TrueFalse 1.8","metadata":{"contentType":"True\/False Question","license":"U","title":"Summary question 3"},"subContentId":"085a72ac-e9c2-46d6-b300-1ed0359dd198"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.Column 1.18","subContentId":"0e8536b8-9243-4004-8287-aac5c126425a","metadata":{"contentType":"Column","license":"U","title":"Summary video"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

References:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n